Đề thi thật IELTS Academic Reading — tháng 2/2026 Test 1

Tháng thi: 2026-02

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Reading Passage 1 — The Research for Intelligence

A.
In Robert Plomin’s line of work, patience is essential. Plomin, a behavioral geneticist at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, wants to understand the nature of intelligence. As part of his research, he has been watching thousands of children grow up. Plomin asks the children questions such as “What do water and milk have in common?” and “In what direction does the sun set?” At first he and his colleagues quizzed the children in person or over the telephone. Today many of those children are in their early teens, and they take their tests on the Internet.
In one sense, the research has been a rousing success. The children who take the tests are all twins, and throughout the study identical twins have tended to get scores closer to each other than those of non-identical twins, who in turn have closer scores than unrelated children. These results— along with similar ones from other studies— make clear to the scientists that genes have an important influence on how children score on intelligence tests.
B.
But Plomin wants to know more. He wants to find the specific genes that are doing the influencing. And now he has a tool for pinpointing genes that he could not have even dreamed of when he began quizzing children. Plomin and his colleagues have been scanning the genes of his subjects with a device called a micro array, a small chip that can recognize half a million distinctive snippets of DNA. The combination of this powerful tool with a huge number of children to study meant that he could detect genes that had only a tiny effect on the variation in scores.
C.
Still, when Plomin and his co-workers unveiled the results of their micro-array study— the biggest dragnet for intelligence-linked genes ever undertaken— they were underwhelming. The researchers found only six genetic markers that showed any sign of having an influence on the test scores. When they ran stringent statistical tests to see if the results were flukes, only one gene passed. It accounted for 0.4 percent of variation in the scores. And to cap it all off, no one knows what the gene does in the body.”It’s a real drag in some ways,” Plomin says.
D.
Plomin’s experience is a typical one for scientists who study intelligence. Along with using micro-arrays, they are employing brain scans and other sophisticated technologies to document some of the intricate dance steps that genes and environment take together in the development of intelligence.
They are beginning to see how differences in intelligence are reflected in the structure and function of the brain. Some scientists have even begun to build a new vision of intelligence as a reflection of the ways in which information flows through the brain. But for all these advances, intelligence remains a profound mystery. “It’s amazing the extent to which we know very little,” says Wendy Johnson, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota.
E.
In some ways, intelligence is very simple. “It’s something that everybody observes in others,” says Eric Turkheimer of the University of Virginia. Everybody knows that some people are smarter than others, whatever it means technically. It’s something you sense in people when you talk to them. “Yet that kind of gut instinct does not translate easily into a scientific definition. In 1996 the American Psychological Association issued a report on intelligence, which stated only that “individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.”
F.
To measure these differences, psychologists in the early 1900s invented tests of various kinds of thought, such as math, spatial reasoning and verbal skills. To compare scores on one type of test to those on another, some psychologists developed standard scales of intelligence. The most familiar of them is the intelligence quotient, which is produced by setting the average score at 100. IQ scores are not arbitrary numbers, however. Psychologists can use them to make strong predictions about other features of people’s lives.
It is possible to make reasonably good predictions, based on IQ scores in childhood, about how well people will fare in school and in the workplace. People with high IQs even tend to live longer than average.” If you have an IQ score, does that tell you everything about a person’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses? No,” says Richard J. Haier of the University of California, Irvine.
But even a simple number has the potential to say a lot about a person. “When you go see your doctor, what’s the first thing that happens? Somebody takes your blood pressure and temperature. So you get two numbers. No one would say blood pressure and temperature summarize everything about your health, but they are key numbers.”
G.
Then what underlies an intelligence score?” It’s certainly tapping something,” says Philip Shaw, a psychiatrist at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The most influential theory of what the score reflects is more than a century old. In 1904 psychologist Charles Spearman observed that people who did well on one kind of test tended to do well on others. The link from one score to another was not very tight, but Spearman saw enough of a connection to declare that it was the result of something he called a g factor, short for general intelligence factor.
How general intelligence arose from the brain, Spearman could not say. In recent decades, scientists have searched for an answer by finding patterns in the test scores of large groups of people. Roughly speaking, there are two possible sources for these variations. Environmental influences— anything from the way children are raised by their parents to the diseases they may suffer as they develop— are one source. Genes are another. Genes may shape the brain in ways that make individuals better or worse at answering questions on intelligence tests.

Questions 1–6: Matching headings

The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A–G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B–G from the list below. Write the correct number, i–x, in boxes 1–6 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i. Low probability triggers unpersuasive findings ii. Understanding of intelligence remains limited iii. Difficulty in accurately defining intelligence iv. People with high IQ seldom fall sick v. An innovative appliance to improve the probe vi. The financial cost of a new research vii. Why an indicator is imperfect but referable viii. Genes mean extra when compared with environment ix. A vital indicator for kids’ intelligence performance x. Multiple factors involved in intelligence

  1. 1

    Paragraph B

  2. 2

    Paragraph C

  3. 3

    Paragraph D

  4. 4

    Paragraph E

  5. 5

    Paragraph F

  6. 6

    Paragraph G

Questions 7–10: Matching people to opinions or deeds

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A–G) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A–G in boxes 7–10 on your answer sheet. A. Plomin B. Philip Shawn C. Eric Turkheimer D. Charles Spearman E. Richard J. Haier F. Wendy Johnson

  1. 7

    A full conclusion can be hardly reached just by the one example in IQ test.

  2. 8

    It is not easy to exclude the occasionality existed in the research.

  3. 9

    Humans still have more to explore in terms of the real nature of intelligence.

  4. 10

    It is quite difficult to find the real origins where the general intelligence comes

Questions 11–13: Short answer

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

  1. 11

    Many researchers including Plomin have faced with the typical challenge when _________ are implemented.

  2. 12

    They try to use all possible methods to record certain _________ performed both by genes and environment which contributes to the progress of intelligence.

  3. 13

    The relationship between intelligence and brain become their targeted area. What’s more, according to some researchers, intelligence is regarded to be _________ of how messages transmit in the brain.

Reading Passage 2 — The Study of Laughter

Humans don’t have a monopoly on laughter, says Silvia Cardoso. A behavioral biologist at the State University of Campinas, Brazil, she says it’s a primitive reflex common to most animal; even rats laugh. She believes that too little laughter could have serious consequences for our mental, physical and social well-being.
Laughter is a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and our interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behavior? There’s so much we don’t know about how the brain contributes to emotion and many scientists think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter.
Only 10 or 20 percent of laughing is a response to humor. Most of the time, it’s a message we send to other people, communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behavior, but few focuses in this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It’s also involved in events such as release of fear.
Many professionals have always focused on emotional behavior. Researchers spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. It is noticed that when they were alone, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable.
Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another real rough and tumble, and researchers wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalizations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-and-tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made us wonder about the roots of laughter.
We only have to look at the primate closest to humans to see that laughter is clearly not unique to us. This is not too surprising, because humans are only one among many social species and there’s no reason why we should have a monopoly on laughter as a social tool. The great apes, such as chimpanzees, do something similar to humans.
They open their mouths wide, expose their teeth, retract the corners of their lips, and make loud and repetitive vocalizations in situations that tend to evoke human laughter, like when playing with one another or with humans, or when tickled. Laughter may even have evolved long before primates. We know that dogs at play have strange patterns of exhalation that differ from other sounds made during passive or aggressive confrontation.
But we need to be careful about over-interpreting panting behavior in animals at play. It’s nice to think of it as homologous to human laughter, but it could just be something similar but with entirely different purposes and evolutionary advantages. Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species.
The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. Brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occipital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes visual signals, to the brain’s frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognizing things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to “get” jokes.
Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. Researchers also found out that these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumors, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, people get “stonefaced” syndrome and can’t laugh.
We are sure that laughter should differ between the sexes, particularly the uses to which the sexes put laughter as a social tool. For instance, women smile more than laugh, and are particularly adept at smiling and laughing with men as a kind of “social lubricant”. It might even be possible that this has a biological origin, because women don’t or can’t use their physical size as a threat, which men do, even if unconsciously.
Laughter is believed to be one of the best medicines. For one thing, it’s exercise. It activates the cardiovascular system, so heart rate and blood pressure increase, then the arteries dilate, causing blood pressure to fall again. Repeated short, strong contractions of the chest muscles, diaphragm and abdomen increase blood flow into our internal organs, and forced respiration –the ha! ha! –making sure that this blood is well oxygenated. Muscle tension decreases, and indeed we may temporarily lose control of our limbs, as in the expression “weak with laughter”.
It may also release brain endorphins, reducing sensitivity to pain and boosting endurance and pleasurable sensations. Some studies suggest that laughter affects the immune system by reducing the production of hormones associated with stress, and what when you laugh the immune system produces more T-cells. But no rigorously controlled studies have confirmed these effects. Laughter’s social role is definitely important.
Today’s children may be heading for a whole lot of social ills because their play and leisure time is so isolated and they lose out on lots of chances for laughter. When children stare at computer screens, rather than laughing with each other, this is at odds with what’s natural for them.
Natural social behavior in children is playful behavior, and in such situations laughter indicates that make-believe aggression is just fun, not for real, and this is an important way in which children from positive emotional bonds, gain new social skills and generally start to move from childhood to adulthood. Parents need to be very careful to ensure that their children play in groups, with both peers and adult, and laugh more.

Questions 14–15: Multiple choice (choose TWO)

Which of the following claims and arguments are presented in the passage above? Choose TWO letters from A–E.

A. All animals share the phenomenon of laughter.
B. Laughter can influence both adult and child health.
C. Laughter is not unique to humans.
D. Human mental, physical and social well-being are closely related.
E. Laughter teaches us how to behave.
  1. 14

    Which of the following claims and arguments are presented in the passage above?

    • A. All animals share the phenomenon of laughter.
    • B. Laughter can influence both adult and child health.
    • C. Laughter is not unique to humans.
    • D. Human mental, physical and social well-being are closely related.
    • E. Laughter teaches us how to behave.

Questions 16–20: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? Write YES if the statement agrees with the writer, NO if the statement contradicts with the writer, NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage.

  1. 16

    Laughter is one of the most common expressions shared by all humans.

  2. 17

    There are complicated systems in the human brain that take the responsibility of our emotions as happiness and fear.

  3. 18

    Communication is the only purpose of laughter.

  4. 19

    Reduced blood pressure would lead to a stimulated cardiovascular system.

  5. 20

    With the mass production of T-cells from the laughter, stress hormones would be deducted from the immune system.

Questions 21–26: Short answer

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

  1. 21

    For years scientists have been examining the origin of _________ and laughter that comes from the same route as rats.

  2. 22

    Within an open environment, they have been noticed to be _________ when they are alone, and happier when they are back with others.

  3. 23

    Jaak Panksepp even found that rats make _________ when they are in a chaotic state.

  4. 24

    It is well understand that humans are not the only living species that laughs and laughter may have developed long before _________.

  5. 25

    We need to pay attention when we explain various animal behavior, as they may express with differed _________.

  6. 26

    We need to pay attention when we explain various animal behavior, as they may express with differed purposes and _________.

Reading Passage 3 — The Fruit Book

It’s not every scientist who writes books for people who can’t read. And how many scientists want their books to look as dog-eared as possible? But Patricia Shanley, an ethnobotanist, wanted to give something back. After the poorest people of the Amazon allowed her to study their land and its ecology, she turned her research findings into a picture book that tells the local people how to get a good return on their trees without succumbing to the lure of a quick buck from a logging company. It has proved a big success.
A. The book is called Fruit Trees and Useful Plants in the Lives of Amazonians, but is better known simply as the “fruit book”. The second edition was produced at the request of politicians in western Amazonia. Its blend of hard science and local knowledge on the use and trade of 35 native forest species has been so well received (and well used) that no less a dignitary than Brazil’s environment minister, Marina Silva, has written the foreword. “There is nothing else like the Shanley book,” says Adalberto Verrísimo, director of the Institute of People and the Environment of the Amazon. “It gives science back to the poor, to the people who really need it.”
B. Shanley’s work on the book began a decade ago, with a plea for help from the Rural Workers’ Union of Paragominas, a Brazilian town whose prosperity is based on exploitation of timber. The union realised that logging companies would soon be knocking on the doors of the caboclos, peasant farmers living on the Rio Capim, an Amazon tributary in the Brazilian state of Pará. Isolated and illiterate, the caboclos would have little concept of the true value of their trees; communities downstream had already sold off large blocks of forest for a pittance. “What they wanted to know was how valuable the forests were,” recalls Shanley, then a researcher in the area for the Massachusetts-based Woods Hole Research Centre.
C. The Rural Workers’ Union wanted to know whether harvesting wild fruits would make economic sense in the Rio Capim. “There was a lot of interest in trading non-timber forest products (NTFPs),” Shanley says. At the time, environmental groups and green-minded businesses were promoting the idea.
This was the view presented in a seminal paper, Valuation of an Amazonian Rainforest, published in Nature in 1989. The researchers had calculated that revenues from the sale of fruits could far exceed those from a one-off sale of trees to loggers. “The union was keen to discover whether it made more sense conserving the forest for subsistence use and the possible sale of fruit, game and medicinal plants, than selling trees for timber,” says Shanley. Whether it would work for the caboclos was far from clear.
D. Although Shanley had been invited to work in the Rio Capim, some caboclos were suspicious. “When Patricia asked if she could study my forest,” says Joao Fernando Moreira Brito, “my neighbours said she was a foreigner who’d come to rob me of my trees.” In the end, Moreira Brito, or Mangueira as he is known, welcomed Shanley and worked on her study. His land, an hour’s walk from the Rio Capim, is almost entirely covered with primary forest.
A study of this and other tracts of forest selected by the communities enabled Shanley to identify three trees, found throughout the Amazon, whose fruit was much favoured by the caboclos: bacuri (Platonia insignis), uxi (Endopleura uchi) and piquia (Cayocas villosum). The caboclos used their fruits, extracted oils, and knew what sort of wildlife they attracted. But, in the face of aggressive tactics from the logging companies, they had no measure of the trees’ financial worth.
The only way to find out, Shanley decided, was to start from scratch with a scientific study. “From a scientific point of view, hardly anything was known about these trees,” she says. But six years of field research yielded a mass of data on their flowering and fruiting behaviour. During 1993 and 1994, 30 families weighed everything they used from the forest – game, fruit, fibre, medicinal plants – and documented its source.
E. After three logging sales and a major fire in 1997, the researchers were also able to study the ecosystem’s reaction to logging and disturbance. They carried out a similar, though less exhaustive, study in 1999, this time with 15 families. The changes were striking. Average annual household consumption of forest fruit had fallen from 89 to 28 kilogrammes between 1993 and 1999.
“What we found,” says Shanley, “was that fruit collection could coexist with a certain amount of logging, but after the forest fire, it dropped dramatically.” Over the same period, fibre use also dropped from around 20 to 4 kilogrammes. The fire and logging also changed the nature of the caboclo diet. In 1993 most households ate game two or three times a month. By 1999 some were fortunate if they ate game more than two or three times a year.
F. The loss of certain species of tree was especially significant. Shanley’s team persuaded local hunters to weigh their catch, noting the trees under which the animals were caught. Over the year, they trapped five species of game averaging 232 kilogrammes under piquia trees. Under copaiba, they caught just two species averaging 63 kilogrammes; and under uxi, four species weighing 38 kilogrammes.
At last, the team was getting a handle on which trees were worth keeping, and which could reasonably be sold. “This showed that selling piquia trees to loggers for a few dollars made little sense,” explains Shanley. “Their local value lies in providing a prized fruit, as well as flowers which attract more game than any other species.”
G. As a result of these studies, Shanley had to tell the Rural Workers’ Union of Paragominas that the Nature thesis could not be applied wholesale to their community – harvesting NTFPs would not always yield more than timber sales. Fruiting patterns of trees such as uxi were unpredictable, for example. In 1994, one household collected 3,654 uxi fruits; the following year, none at all.
H. This is not to say that wild fruit trees were unimportant. On the contrary, argues Shanley, they are critical for subsistence, something that is often ignored in much of the current research on NTFPs, which tends to focus on their commercial potential. Geography was another factor preventing the Rio Capim caboclos from establishing a serious trade in wild fruit: villagers in remote areas could not compete with communities collecting NTFPs close to urban markets, although they could sell them to passing river boats.
I. But Shanley and her colleagues decided to do more than just report their results to the union. Together with two of her research colleagues, Shanley wrote the fruit book. This, the Bible and a publication on medicinal plants co-authored by Shanley and designed for people with minimal literacy skills are about the only books you will see along this stretch of the Rio Capim.
The first print ran to only 3,000 copies, but the fruit book has been remarkably influential, and is used by colleges, peasant unions, industries and the caboclos themselves. Its success is largely due to the fact that people with poor literacy skills can understand much of the information it contains about the non-timber forest products, thanks to its illustrations, anecdotes, stories and songs. “The book doesn’t tell people what to do,” says Shanley, “but it does provide them with choices.” The caboclos who have used the book now have a much better understanding of which trees to sell to the loggers, and which to protect.

Questions 27–32: Matching information to paragraphs

Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs A–I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A–I in boxes 27–32 on your answer sheet.

  1. 27

    A description of Shanley’s initial data collection

  2. 28

    Why a government official also contributes to the book

  3. 29

    Reasons why the community asked Shanley to conduct the research

  4. 30

    Reference to the starting point of her research

  5. 31

    Two factors that alter food consumption patterns

  6. 32

    Why the book is successful

Questions 33–40: Summary completion

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Forest fire has caused local villagers to consume less: 33 _________ 34 _________
Game
There is the least amount of game hunted under 35 _________ yield is also 36 _________. Thus, it is more reasonable to keep 37 _________. All the trees can also be used for 38 _________ besides selling them to loggers. But this is often ignored, because most researches usually focus on the 39 _________ of the trees.
The purpose of the book:
40. To give information about _________

Phiếu trả lời

Điền đáp án khi làm bài — kiểm tra kết quả ngay lập tức và lưu cục bộ, mọi câu sai sẽ vào nhật ký lỗi cùng bài học khắc phục.

  1. 1.
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  36. 37.
  37. 38.
  38. 39.
  39. 40.
Lưu trên thiết bị này — không cần tài khoản. Đăng nhập ở trang tiến trình nếu muốn đồng bộ sang nơi khác.
Hiện đáp án

Đáp án

  1. 1. v

    Paragraph B is about why the community asked Shanley to do the research, which matches heading v: 'Reasons why the community asked Shanley to conduct the research.' The passage says the union wanted to know the value of their forests.

  2. 2. i

    Paragraph C discusses the economic sense of harvesting wild fruits, matching heading i: 'Economic value of non-timber forest products.' It talks about whether selling fruits is better than selling timber.

  3. 3. ii

    Paragraph D describes how Shanley collected data and worked with locals, matching heading ii: 'A description of Shanley’s initial data collection.' It details her research and the weighing of forest products.

  4. 4. iii

    Paragraph E explains changes in food consumption after logging and fire, matching heading iii: 'Two factors that alter food consumption patterns.' It mentions how fruit and fibre use dropped after these events.

  5. 5. vii

    Paragraph F focuses on the value of different trees for hunting, matching heading vii: 'The value of different trees for hunting.' It gives data on game caught under various trees.

  6. 6. x

    Paragraph G discusses the limits of applying the Nature thesis to the community, matching heading x: 'Limits of the Nature thesis.' It says that harvesting NTFPs would not always yield more than timber sales.

  7. 7. E

    The passage in E says, 'If you have an IQ score, does that tell you everything about a person’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses? No,' showing that one example in an IQ test cannot give a full conclusion.

  8. 8. A

    In A, the passage says, 'At first he and his colleagues quizzed the children in person or over the telephone,' showing that it is not easy to exclude chance or occasionality in the research.

  9. 9. F

    In F, it says, 'But for all these advances, intelligence remains a profound mystery,' showing that humans still have much to learn about intelligence.

  10. 10. D

    In D, it says, 'How general intelligence arose from the brain, Spearman could not say,' showing it is difficult to find the real origins of general intelligence.

  11. 11. micro-arrays

    The passage in D says, 'Plomin’s experience is a typical one for scientists who study intelligence. Along with using micro-arrays...' showing that many researchers face challenges when micro-arrays are used.

  12. 12. intricate dance steps

    In D, it says, 'document some of the intricate dance steps that genes and environment take together in the development of intelligence,' so the answer is 'intricate dance steps.'

  13. 13. a reflection

    In D, it says, 'Some scientists have even begun to build a new vision of intelligence as a reflection of the ways in which information flows through the brain.'

  14. 14. B / C

    Option B is correct because the passage says laughter can affect the immune system and health. Option C is correct because it says laughter is not unique to humans. Option A is wrong because it says 'most animals,' not all. Option D is wrong because it is not stated so strongly. Option E is wrong because the passage does not say laughter teaches us how to behave.

  15. 16. YES

    YES. The passage says, 'Laughter is a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do,' showing it is shared by all humans.

  16. 17. YES

    YES. The passage says, 'Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It’s also involved in events such as release of fear.'

  17. 18. NOT GIVEN

    NOT GIVEN. The passage says communication is a function of laughter but does not say it is the only purpose.

  18. 19. NO

    NO. The passage says, 'heart rate and blood pressure increase, then the arteries dilate, causing blood pressure to fall again,' so reduced blood pressure is not what stimulates the cardiovascular system.

  19. 20. NOT GIVEN

    NOT GIVEN. The passage says laughter may reduce stress hormones and increase T-cells, but does not say mass production of T-cells causes stress hormones to be reduced.

  20. 21. fear

    The passage says, 'Researchers spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route,' so the answer is 'fear.'

  21. 22. scare / uncomfortable

    The passage says, 'when they were alone, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable.'

  22. 23. (short) vocalizations

    The passage says, 'juvenile rats make short vocalizations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-and-tumble play.'

  23. 24. primates

    The passage says, 'laughter may even have evolved long before primates.'

  24. 25. purposes

    The passage says, 'it could just be something similar but with entirely different purposes and evolutionary advantages.'

  25. 26. evolutionary advantages

    The passage says, 'it could just be something similar but with entirely different purposes and evolutionary advantages.'

  26. 27. D

    Paragraph D describes Shanley’s initial data collection, mentioning how she worked with locals and weighed everything they used from the forest.

  27. 28. A

    Paragraph A says the book was so well received that Brazil’s environment minister wrote the foreword, showing why a government official contributed to the book.

  28. 29. C

    Paragraph C explains the community wanted to know if harvesting wild fruits made economic sense, showing the reasons why they asked Shanley to do the research.

  29. 30. B

    Paragraph B says Shanley’s work began with a plea for help from the Rural Workers’ Union, showing the starting point of her research.

  30. 31. E

    Paragraph E says logging and fire caused changes in food consumption patterns, so these are the two factors.

  31. 32. I

    Paragraph I says the book is successful because people with poor literacy skills can understand it due to its illustrations, anecdotes, stories, and songs.

  32. 33. fruit

    Paragraph E says, 'Average annual household consumption of forest fruit had fallen from 89 to 28 kilogrammes,' so the answer is 'fruit.'

  33. 34. fibre

    Paragraph E says, 'fibre use also dropped from around 20 to 4 kilogrammes,' so the answer is 'fibre.'

  34. 35. uxi

    Paragraph F says, 'Under uxi, four species weighing 38 kilogrammes,' which is the least amount of game hunted.

  35. 36. unpredictable

    Paragraph G says, 'Fruiting patterns of trees such as uxi were unpredictable,' so the answer is 'unpredictable.'

  36. 37. piquia

    Paragraph F says, 'selling piquia trees to loggers for a few dollars made little sense... Their local value lies in providing a prized fruit, as well as flowers which attract more game than any other species,' so it is more reasonable to keep 'piquia.'

  37. 38. subsistence

    Paragraph H says, 'they are critical for subsistence,' so the answer is 'subsistence.'

  38. 39. commercial potential

    Paragraph H says, 'current research on NTFPs, which tends to focus on their commercial potential,' so the answer is 'commercial potential.'

  39. 40. non-timber forest products / ntfps

    Paragraph I says, 'much of the information it contains about the non-timber forest products,' so the purpose of the book is to give information about 'non-timber forest products' or 'NTFPs.'

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