Listening 2026-04 Test 4

==================== IELTS Listening Transcript ==================== PART 1 Speaker 0: Section one. Speaker 0: You will hear a telephone conversation between a woman who works at a volunteer center and a student finding out about how he can volunteer. Speaker 0: First, you have some time to look at questions one to five. Speaker 0: Now listen carefully and answer questions one to five. Speaker 2: Hello, Volunteer Center. Oh, good morning. I saw an advert about volunteering, you know, doing some unpaid work for charity, and I wanted to get some more information. Speaker 1: Sure. Can I take your name? Speaker 2: Yes. It's John Smith. Speaker 1: Well, hi, John. My name is Karen, and I'm one of the advisers here at the Volunteer Center. What would you like to know? Speaker 2: Well, I've been thinking about volunteering for a while, but then I was put off as I heard that you need to give a minimum of ten hours a month. Is that right? Speaker 1: No. There we do say people have to give at least five hours a month. That way both organization and volunteer benefit from the experience. Speaker 2: Right. Well, that would be much more manageable as I'm also studying full time. Speaker 1: Yes. Many volunteers are students and they seem to find that works for them. But can I ask? Are you at university every day, as we really need people to volunteer in the weekdays rather than over the weekend? Speaker 2: I was really hoping to be able to do Saturdays. Speaker 1: Oh, okay. Just what I ask. Now what else did you want to know? Speaker 2: Well, there was one other thing that was worrying me. Speaker 1: What was that? Speaker 2: Well, again, I've also heard that I would need to keep doing the job for ten weeks or more. Is that right? Speaker 1: Well, yes. This time your information is right. We ask for that as a minimum commitment. Many people carry on for years. It's a good amount of time for you to give it a fair go before you decide whether to continue or not. Speaker 2: Oh, I nearly forgot. Do I need to have my own car? Speaker 1: No, you don't need one. But if you have a driving license, that's a bonus for some types of work. Speaker 2: Right. Well, that's good. So how do I find out what's available? And what about actually applying for a post? Speaker 1: We have a database here, so I can look now and see what posts come up. Speaker 2: Would I need to go there in person? Speaker 1: Not straight away. The first step is usually to fill in an application form. Speaker 2: Would I find that on the website? Speaker 1: Yes. You'll need to give your personal details and experience and so on. Speaker 2: What about photos? Speaker 1: They're not necessary, but you'll need a couple of references. Speaker 2: Okay. And what happens after that? Will there be an interview? Speaker 1: There might be, though that doesn't always happen. Speaker 2: So some accept you just like that. Speaker 1: Well, if they think you could be good, then yes. Speaker 0: Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions six to 10. Speaker 3: Now listen and answer questions six to 10. Speaker 1: The search has come up with a few vacancies that should suit you. If I give you the basic details, okay? We have some work for volunteers who can offer domestic help. You'd be doing things like DIY, you know, putting up shelves and things, and you probably also be gardening for them, but not cooking. Speaker 2: And who would I be helping? Speaker 1: That depends, but it's often people who are sick. Speaker 2: Sounds interesting. Is there anything else I need to know? Speaker 1: Well, since these people can't get out much, they often enjoy having someone to talk to. So it helps if you are a friendly person who will chat with them. Speaker 2: Okay. And what about working in a charity shop? You know, where people donate stuff they don't need so the shop can sell it. Speaker 1: Yes. We do have a vacancy in one shop nearby. Speaker 2: Great. But it wouldn't be just making tea, would it? Speaker 1: No. You'd be doing things like arranging the displays in the windows, among other things. Speaker 2: And which charity would that be for? Who would the money raised be helping? Speaker 1: It would be for a charity that works to improve the lives of elderly residents in the area. Speaker 2: Right. I'd be happy to do that. Speaker 1: They also give you training on the job, so it can be really useful for people who want to work in customer service. Speaker 2: Oh, so that's a bonus. Now you might also be interested in our environmental project. We're looking for people to help clean up the local nature reserve this summer. Speaker 2: That sounds like it could be fun. What kind of work is involved? Speaker 1: Well, the main task is rubbish collection. You'd be working in a small team to clear the trails and the lakeside to protect the local wildlife. Speaker 2: I don't mind getting my hands dirty for a good cause. Is it a day trip or something longer? Speaker 1: It's actually a weekend project. The organization provides basic accommodation for all volunteers. Speaker 2: Oh, do we stay in a hostel or a local guesthouse? Speaker 1: Actually, to keep the impact on the environment to a minimum, everyone sleeps in a tent. You'll need to bring your own sleeping bag, but they provide all the camping gear and meals. Speaker 2: Sleeping under the stars? That sounds like a real adventure. I'd definitely like to add that to my application. Speaker 0: That is the end of section one. You now have half a minute to check your answers. PART 2 Speaker 4: Part two. You'll hear the warden of a nature trail talking to a group of people who are interested in hiking on the trail. First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 14. Speaker 5: Good morning. I'm Susan Meyer, trail warden for the McFadden Hiking And Nature Trail. Let me tell you a bit about the trail. The trail is 25 miles long, running roughly east to west. To hike it, you may start at either end of the trail, or in between. You can hike the whole length of the trail, or just a couple of miles, because there are 20 entry points along the trail, each connected to public roads by short paths. For hikers coming from Johnson City, there's a shuttle bus to each of the two end points every morning and evening. And four of the entry points have a free car park with television camera surveillance. At one mile intervals along the trail, there are rest stations providing picnic areas, water, toilets, and places where you can recharge your electronic devices. In response to a poll of walkers last year, we've recently installed kiosks at each rest station with clear, easy to follow maps and other trail information. There are several distinct sections of trail. The Red Rock Walk offers a superb opportunity to study a huge variety of vegetation along the way. There's lots to look at, though you can't see great distances. Birds are actually hard to spot, but with a pair of binoculars and at certain times of day, you may see some rare varieties. The River Walk comprises about five miles of trail winding along the bank of the Mulder River. Personally, I prefer this section of the trail in winter. The river does freeze over, and the snow can accumulate, but that doesn't always discourage visitors. Sometimes, though, if the weather conditions are really unsuitable, we might have to close this walk to the public. But often it can get crowded with hikers who've discovered the attraction of the area. Speaker 4: Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 15 to 20. Now listen and answer questions 15 to 20. Speaker 5: Now let me tell you about the Halfway Hostel, located approximately midway along the trail. It has a range of facilities available to help make your walking experience memorable. Let me give you some information about the various facilities available there. Of course, there are beds in dormitories for use at a very reasonable $7 per person, weekdays or weekends. Unfortunately, we found that pre booking beds just didn't work, so now we allocate them as people arrive, but we have extra cots and sleeping bags to help with any overflow. There are two family rooms, accommodating six people each, with private bathrooms. They are $35 per room, and for them you will need to make arrangements ahead of time, as they're very popular, especially at the weekends. A popular facility that we've recently added is coin operated washing machines for your clothes. You can get awfully wet and dirty if you're walking the trail in bad weather, and since we got these machines, you can put on clean gear when you set out in the morning. The hostel serves two meals a day: breakfast at $4 and dinner at $8, the same for adults and kids. There's always a vegetarian and a non vegetarian option, depending on your preferences. We do ask you to give a hand with serving and cleaning up after meals. We have plenty of showers and unlimited hot water available, so you can have this luxury at no charge, and you can enjoy it as long as you like. Now, some people like to spend time on the trail on mountain bikes, and maybe take a bit of a rest from all that walking, and that's permitted as long as you observe basic safety rules. The hostel's in the process of creating a bike rental scheme, which should be up and running next year. Speaker 4: That is the end of part two. You now have thirty seconds to check your answers to part two. PART 3 Speaker 4: Part three. You will hear a student called Ravi talking to his tutor, Doctor Chang, about research he is doing for an assignment on children playing outdoors. First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 26. Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 26. Speaker 6: Right, Ravi. Tell me how the research for your assignment about children's outdoor play is going. Speaker 7: Yes. Well, I've been reading about why children spend less time playing outside now than twenty or thirty years ago. Speaker 6: So is it just because of the amount of online time that children have now, which obviously happens indoors? Speaker 7: Well, if that was the case, there'd be a correlation between high Internet use and low levels of outdoor play. And it's nothing to do with whether there are adequate facilities outside – playgrounds, for example, as any open space will do. There's perhaps no single more important factor than parental worries about the dangers of vehicles on the streets. Speaker 6: But it could also be that children today prefer playing indoors to outdoors. Speaker 7: Well, a study in Tokyo suggests it's the other way round, that children are spending more time in structured activities and out of school clubs than before. And this has a knock on effect on what's left for outdoor play. Speaker 6: Right. Your premise is that outdoor play is good. What exactly do you want to focus on in your assignment? Speaker 7: Well, not so much on things that apply to exercise in general, like children's muscles getting stronger because they run around, and not on what seems, for instance, self evident – that outdoor play helps children to concentrate on things other than lessons. Sure. I'd like to investigate some of the more unexpected benefits, like to children's digestion. This is because fresh air tends to stimulate hunger, perhaps leaving to one side the question of whether climbing trees helps educate children about the natural world. Speaker 6: No, not really relevant. What sort of decisions do outdoor games and activities force children to make? Speaker 7: Well, for example, how they decide how dangerous something might be. And I'd like to outline the main findings on that. Speaker 6: Okay. And as you're arguing that there's been a shift in play patterns over the last generation or so, how are you going to substantiate this? Speaker 7: Yes. Surveys have compared parents' recollections of their childhood play thirty years ago with what their children do now. And the nature of what children do when they are playing outdoors has changed. Speaker 6: How exactly? Speaker 7: Well, surprisingly, it's not so much how often children play outside or preferences for large or small groups, but the fact that the play sessions don't go on for as long. And games involving one child running after another who tries to get away – these are still as popular as ever. But one thing that has declined is improvised games, and I'd like to examine why this might be. Speaker 6: Interesting. And what about safety? Speaker 7: Well, from my reading, serious accidents are still rare. More kids hurt themselves falling out of bed than out of trees. Speaker 4: Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 27 to 30. Now listen and answer questions 27 to 30. Speaker 7: I think the decline of outdoor play is a problem, which should worry parents. I mean, perhaps the children themselves don't miss it. They may be happy to spend lots of time indoors. But the links between inactivity and physical problems when they're adults are so well established that I think kids should be encouraged to spend more time outdoors with their brothers and sisters and friends. Speaker 6: What about schools? Speaker 7: Well, what I think they should do differently regarding outdoor play, and it wouldn't actually require a great deal of expenditure, is base their policy on different outcomes, like developing children's confidence, not just thinking about exam results. Although I don't know how it would go down with the parents. Speaker 6: And do children get more contact with nature in rural areas? Speaker 7: There's research on this by Smith and Barker. Intuitively, you'd expect children in rural areas to spend more time out in the open. But in fact, they are generally told to keep off agricultural land. Plus, there are difficulties with supervision outside towns and cities. Speaker 6: Right. And Smith and Barker's paper was published in... Speaker 7: 2001. Speaker 6: Not the most up to date, but still valid to use. But you'll need to stipulate very precisely that their focus was, if I remember correctly, just on rural areas. So you'd need to consider how far their restricted findings might be... Speaker 4: That is the end of part three. You now have thirty seconds to check your answers to part three. PART 4 Speaker 3: Part four. Speaker 4: You will hear a talk on the research of the behavior of chimpanzees. First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40. Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40. Speaker 8: Welcome back to my series of short lectures on apes. Today, we will examine recent and historical breakthroughs on the behavior of chimpanzees, otherwise known as chimps. The word chimpanzee is an umbrella term for two different species of apes in the genus Pan, which are the common chimpanzee or pan troglodytes, found in West and Central Africa, and the bonobo or pan paniscus, which are found in the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Chimpanzees belong to the Hominidae family, together with gorillas, orangutans, and indeed humans. Current research tells us that the chimps broke away from the human branch of the Hominidae family approximately six million years ago and remain the closest living relative to humans to this day. More modern researchers into chimpanzees have centered on their behavioral characteristics once all biological and genetic factors have been ruled out. In this way, scientists have unearthed an unfathomable amount of similarities between human and chimpanzee behavior. Although much of this research has taken place through observation of captive chimps, the results are widely seen as an authoritative reflection of chimps living in the wild. Chimps live in large so-called communities comprised of many male and female members, with the social hierarchy determined by an individual chimp's position and influence. Through such research, scientists have found that chimps learn and adapt through observation of others' behavior. Once in power, the alpha male is often seen to alter its body language in order to retain power. For example, he might puff himself up in order to intimidate others, while lower ranking chimps are noted to behave more submissively and holding out their hands while grunting. Female chimpanzees also have a distinct social hierarchy with high social standing inherited by children. It is not unheard of for dominant females within a community to unite and overthrow the alpha male, backing another in his place. James Diamond, in his book "The Third Chimpanzee," suggests that chimps should now be reclassified in the genus Homo instead of Pan, and there are many arguments still in favor of this. Male common chimpanzees are on average 1.7 meters in height, weighing 70 kilograms, with their female counterparts being somewhat smaller. By comparison, the bonobo is slightly shorter and lighter, but with longer arms and legs. However, both species walk on all fours and climb trees with great ease. Jane Goodall made a groundbreaking discovery in 1960 when she observed the use of tools among chimpanzees, including digging for termites with large sticks. A recent study claimed to reveal that common chimpanzees in Senegal have been using spears sharpened with their teeth to hunt. However, these reports remain unsubstantiated. Researchers have witnessed such tools, namely rocks, being used by chimps to open coconut shells and indeed crushing nuts with stone hammers. As scientific technology has developed, so too has our knowledge of the sheer extent of the chimps' intelligence. Research has now shown that chimps have the capability to learn and use symbols and understand aspects of the human language, including syntax as well as numerical sequences. As I mentioned earlier, the umbrella term chimpanzee is comprised of the common chimpanzee and the bonobo. These two subspecies are divided along the Congo River, with the common chimps living on one side and the bonobos living on the opposite side of the river. Over the past few decades, both of these subspecies have witnessed an alarming decrease in population density, with animal activists now working harder than ever to protect those remaining and encourage procreation. In addition, next week's episode will focus more closely on how chimpanzees in captivity are able to learn things through imitating the behavior of humans, as well as how chimpanzees' behaviors have developed over many generations. Thank you very much for attending this evening's lecture. I hope you found it intellectually stimulating, and I look forward to seeing you again next week. Good night. Speaker 3: That is the end of part four. You now have one minute to check your answers to part four. That is the end of the listening test. In the IELTS test, you would now have ten minutes to transfer your answers to the answer sheet. ==================== Chinese Translation ==================== 第一部分 你将听到一位在志愿者中心工作的女士与一名学生之间的电话对话，该学生正在了解如何参与志愿服务。首先，你有时间查看第1至第5题。现在请仔细听，并回答第1至第5题。 Speaker 2: 你好，志愿者中心。哦，早上好。我看到了一则关于志愿服务的广告，就是为慈善机构做一些无偿的工作，我想了解更多信息。 Speaker 1: 当然。请问你的名字？ Speaker 2: 好的，我叫约翰·史密斯。 Speaker 1: 你好，约翰。我叫凯伦，是志愿者中心的一名顾问。你想了解什么？ Speaker 2: 嗯，我考虑做志愿者已经有一段时间了，但后来听说每月至少要投入十个小时，我就有点犹豫了。是这样吗？ Speaker 1: 不是的。我们确实要求人们每月至少提供五个小时。这样，组织和志愿者都能从这段经历中受益。 Speaker 2: 好的。那会容易安排得多，因为我还在全职学习。 Speaker 1: 是的。很多志愿者都是学生，他们觉得这样安排可行。但我想问一下，你每天都要去大学吗？因为我们确实需要人们在工作日而不是周末做志愿者。 Speaker 2: 我原本希望能做周六。 Speaker 1: 哦，好的。我只是问问。你还想了解什么？ Speaker 2: 嗯，还有一件事让我担心。 Speaker 1: 什么事？ Speaker 2: 嗯，我还听说我需要至少坚持做这份工作十周或更长时间。是这样吗？ Speaker 1: 嗯，是的。这次你的信息是对的。我们要求这是最低承诺时间。很多人会持续做很多年。这段时间足够让你好好尝试一下，然后再决定是否继续。 Speaker 2: 哦，我差点忘了。我需要有自己的车吗？ Speaker 1: 不，不需要。但如果你有驾照，对于某些类型的工作来说是一个加分项。 Speaker 2: 好的，那很好。那么我如何了解有哪些职位空缺？以及如何实际申请一个职位？ Speaker 1: 我们这里有一个数据库，我现在可以查一下有哪些职位。 Speaker 2: 我需要亲自去那里吗？ Speaker 1: 不用马上。第一步通常是填写申请表。 Speaker 2: 申请表在网站上能找到吗？ Speaker 1: 是的。你需要提供你的个人详细信息和经历等等。 Speaker 2: 照片呢？ Speaker 1: 不需要，但你需要提供几个推荐人。 Speaker 2: 好的。那之后呢？会有面试吗？ Speaker 1: 可能会有，但也不总是这样。 Speaker 2: 所以有些人就这样被接受了？ Speaker 1: 嗯，如果他们觉得你不错，那就会。 在听到对话的其余部分之前，你有时间查看第6至第10题。现在请听并回答第6至第10题。 Speaker 1: 搜索结果显示有几个适合你的空缺职位。我把基本细节告诉你，好吗？我们有一些需要志愿者提供家政帮助的工作。你会做一些像DIY之类的事情，比如安装搁板之类的，可能还要帮他们做园艺，但不包括做饭。 Speaker 2: 我要帮助的是哪些人？ Speaker 1: 这要看情况，但通常是生病的人。 Speaker 2: 听起来很有趣。还有其他我需要知道的吗？ Speaker 1: 嗯，因为这些人不太能出门，他们通常喜欢有人和他们聊天。所以如果你是一个友好、愿意和他们聊天的人，会很有帮助。 Speaker 2: 好的。那在慈善商店工作呢？就是人们捐赠他们不需要的东西，商店再卖掉的那种。 Speaker 1: 是的。我们附近的一家店确实有一个职位空缺。 Speaker 2: 太好了。但工作不只是泡茶吧？ Speaker 1: 不。你要做的事情包括布置橱窗陈列等等。 Speaker 2: 那是为哪个慈善机构？筹集的资金会帮助谁？ Speaker 1: 是为一个致力于改善该地区老年居民生活的慈善机构。 Speaker 2: 好的。我很乐意做这个。 Speaker 1: 他们还提供在职培训，所以对于想在客户服务领域工作的人来说，这真的很有用。 Speaker 2: 哦，那是个额外的好处。现在你可能还会对我们的环保项目感兴趣。我们正在寻找志愿者，今年夏天帮助清理当地的自然保护区。 Speaker 2: 听起来可能很有趣。具体做什么工作？ Speaker 1: 嗯，主要任务是收集垃圾。你会在一个小团队里工作，清理小径和湖边，以保护当地的野生动物。 Speaker 2: 为了做好事，我不介意弄脏手。这是一日游还是更长时间的活动？ Speaker 1: 实际上是一个周末项目。组织方为所有志愿者提供基本的住宿。 Speaker 2: 哦，我们是住在青年旅社还是当地的民宿？ Speaker 1: 实际上，为了将对环境的影响降到最低，每个人都睡在帐篷里。你需要自带睡袋，但他们提供所有的露营装备和餐食。 Speaker 2: 睡在星空下？听起来真是一次冒险。我绝对想把这也加入我的申请中。 第一部分到此结束。你现在有半分钟时间检查你的答案。 第二部分 你将听到一位自然小径的管理员向一群对该小径徒步感兴趣的人讲话。首先，你有时间查看第11至第14题。 Speaker 5: 早上好。我是苏珊·迈耶，麦克法登徒步与自然小径的管理员。让我给你们介绍一下这条小径。这条小径长25英里，大致呈东西走向。徒步时，你可以从小径的任一端开始，也可以从中间开始。你可以徒步整条小径，也可以只走几英里，因为沿途有20个入口点，每个入口点都有短路径与公共道路相连。对于从约翰逊城来的徒步者，每天早上和晚上都有班车前往两个端点。其中四个入口点设有免费停车场，并有电视摄像头监控。沿着小径，每隔一英里就有一个休息站，提供野餐区、水、厕所，以及可以为电子设备充电的地方。为了回应去年徒步者的民意调查，我们最近在每个休息站安装了信息亭，提供清晰易懂的地图和其他小径信息。小径有几个不同的路段。红岩步道提供了绝佳的机会，可以沿途研究种类繁多的植被。有很多东西可以看，虽然你看不到很远的地方。鸟类实际上很难发现，但用一副双筒望远镜，在一天中的某些时间，你可能会看到一些稀有品种。河畔步道长约五英里，沿着穆尔德河蜿蜒而行。就我个人而言，我更喜欢冬天走这段路。河水会结冰，积雪会堆积，但这并不总能阻止游客。不过，有时如果天气条件实在不合适，我们可能不得不向公众关闭这段步道。但通常这里会挤满了发现该地区魅力的徒步者。 在听到讲话的其余部分之前，你有时间查看第15至第20题。现在请听并回答第15至第20题。 Speaker 5: 现在让我介绍一下中途旅舍，它大约位于小径的中段。它提供一系列设施，帮助你获得难忘的徒步体验。让我给你介绍一下那里提供的各种设施。当然，宿舍里有床位，价格非常合理，每人7美元，工作日或周末都一样。不幸的是，我们发现提前预订床位行不通，所以现在我们按照人们到达的顺序分配床位，但我们有额外的折叠床和睡袋来应对任何超额情况。有两个家庭房，每个可容纳六人，带独立浴室。每个房间35美元，你需要提前预订，因为它们非常受欢迎，尤其是在周末。我们最近新增的一个受欢迎设施是投币式洗衣机。如果你在恶劣天气下徒步，可能会变得非常湿和脏，自从有了这些机器，你早上出发时就可以穿上干净的衣服了。旅舍每天提供两餐：早餐4美元，晚餐8美元，成人和儿童价格相同。根据你的喜好，总有素食和非素食两种选择。我们确实要求你在餐后帮忙上菜和清理。我们有很多淋浴间，并提供无限量的热水，所以你可以免费享受这种奢侈，想洗多久就洗多久。现在，有些人喜欢在山地自行车上花时间在小径上，也许从徒步中休息一下，只要遵守基本的安全规则，这是允许的。旅舍正在创建一个自行车租赁计划，应该会在明年启动并运行。 第二部分到此结束。你现在有三十秒时间检查第二部分的答案。 第三部分 你将听到一名叫拉维的学生与他的导师张博士谈论他正在为一项关于儿童户外活动的作业所做的研究。首先，你有时间查看第21至第26题。现在请仔细听，并回答第21至第26题。 Speaker 6: 好的，拉维。告诉我你关于儿童户外活动的研究进展如何。 Speaker 7: 是的。我一直在阅读关于为什么现在儿童户外活动的时间比二三十年前少的原因。 Speaker 6: 那么仅仅是因为现在儿童上网的时间多了，而这显然是在室内进行的吗？ Speaker 7: 嗯，如果是这样的话，那么高互联网使用率和低户外活动水平之间应该存在关联。而且这与户外是否有足够的设施无关——比如游乐场，因为任何开放空间都可以。也许没有比父母对街道上车辆危险的担忧更重要的因素了。 Speaker 6: 但也可能是现在的孩子更喜欢在室内玩而不是在户外。 Speaker 7: 嗯，东京的一项研究表明情况恰恰相反，孩子们花在结构化活动和校外俱乐部上的时间比以前更多了。这对剩下的户外活动时间产生了连锁影响。 Speaker 6: 好的。你的前提是户外活动是好的。你的作业具体想关注什么？ Speaker 7: 嗯，不是那些普遍适用于锻炼的事情，比如孩子们因为跑步而肌肉变得更强壮，也不是那些看似不言而喻的事情——比如户外活动帮助孩子们专注于学习以外的事情。当然。我想研究一些更意想不到的好处，比如对儿童消化的好处。这是因为新鲜空气往往会刺激食欲，也许先不谈爬树是否有助于教育儿童了解自然世界这个问题。 Speaker 6: 不，不太相关。户外游戏和活动迫使孩子们做出什么样的决定？ Speaker 7: 嗯，例如，他们如何判断某件事可能有多危险。我想概述一下这方面的主要发现。 Speaker 6: 好的。既然你论证了过去一代人左右的时间里游戏模式发生了变化，你打算如何证实这一点？ Speaker 7: 是的。调查比较了父母对自己三十年前童年游戏的回忆与现在他们孩子的活动。孩子们在户外玩耍时的性质已经改变了。 Speaker 6: 具体怎么改变？ Speaker 7: 嗯，令人惊讶的是，与其说是孩子们户外活动的频率或对大小群体的偏好，不如说是游戏时间不再那么长了。而涉及一个孩子追逐另一个试图逃跑的孩子的游戏——这些仍然和以前一样受欢迎。但有一件事减少了，那就是即兴游戏，我想研究一下这可能的原因。 Speaker 6: 有趣。那安全方面呢？ Speaker 7: 嗯，根据我的阅读，严重事故仍然很少见。从床上摔下来受伤的孩子比从树上摔下来的多。 在听到讨论的其余部分之前，你有时间查看第27至第30题。现在请听并回答第27至第30题。 Speaker 7: 我认为户外活动的减少是一个问题，应该让父母担心。我的意思是，也许孩子们自己并不怀念它。他们可能很乐意花大量时间在室内。但是，不活动与成年后身体问题之间的联系已经非常明确，我认为应该鼓励孩子们花更多时间与兄弟姐妹和朋友在户外活动。 Speaker 6: 学校方面呢？ Speaker 7: 嗯，我认为他们在户外活动方面应该做出不同的改变，而且实际上不需要大量开支，就是根据不同的结果来制定政策，比如培养孩子的自信心，而不仅仅是考虑考试成绩。虽然我不知道家长会怎么想。 Speaker 6: 那么农村地区的孩子与自然接触更多吗？ Speaker 7: 史密斯和巴克对此进行了研究。凭直觉，你会认为农村地区的孩子会花更多时间在户外。但事实上，他们通常被告知要远离农业用地。此外，在城镇和城市之外还存在监管困难。 Speaker 6: 好的。史密斯和巴克的论文发表在…… Speaker 7: 2001年。 Speaker 6: 不是最新的，但仍然有效可用。但你需要非常精确地说明，如果我没记错的话，他们的重点只是农村地区。所以你需要考虑他们有限的研究结果可能在多大程度上…… 第三部分到此结束。你现在有三十秒时间检查第三部分的答案。 第四部分 你将听到一个关于黑猩猩行为研究的讲座。首先，你有时间查看第31至第40题。现在请仔细听，并回答第31至第40题。 Speaker 8: 欢迎回到我关于类人猿的系列短讲座。今天，我们将研究关于黑猩猩行为的最新和历史性突破。黑猩猩这个词是黑猩猩属两种不同类人猿的总称，即普通黑猩猩，分布于西非和中非，以及倭黑猩猩，分布于刚果民主共和国的森林中。黑猩猩属于人科，与大猩猩、猩猩以及人类同属一科。当前的研究告诉我们，黑猩猩大约在六百万年前从人科的人类分支中分离出来，并且至今仍是人类现存最近的亲属。对黑猩猩的更现代研究集中在它们的行为特征上，排除了所有生物学和遗传因素。通过这种方式，科学家们揭示了人类与黑猩猩行为之间数量惊人的相似之处。尽管这项研究大部分是通过观察圈养黑猩猩进行的，但结果被广泛视为对野生黑猩猩的权威反映。黑猩猩生活在所谓的大型社群中，由许多雄性和雌性成员组成，社会等级由个体黑猩猩的地位和影响力决定。通过这样的研究，科学家们发现黑猩猩通过观察他人的行为来学习和适应。一旦掌权，阿尔法雄性通常会被观察到改变其肢体语言以维持权力。例如，他可能会膨胀自己的身体以恐吓他人，而地位较低的黑猩猩则表现出更顺从的行为，并伸出手发出咕噜声。雌性黑猩猩也有一个独特的社会等级，高社会地位由后代继承。社群中占主导地位的雌性联合起来推翻阿尔法雄性，并支持另一只取而代之的情况并非没有。贾里德·戴蒙德在他的《第三种黑猩猩》一书中建议，黑猩猩现在应该被重新归类为人属而不是黑猩猩属，并且仍然有许多论点支持这一点。雄性普通黑猩猩平均身高1.7米，体重70公斤，而雌性则稍小一些。相比之下，倭黑猩猩稍矮稍轻，但手臂和腿更长。然而，这两个物种都用四肢行走，并能轻松爬树。珍·古道尔在1960年取得了突破性发现，她观察到黑猩猩使用工具，包括用大棍子挖白蚁。最近的一项研究声称揭示了塞内加尔的普通黑猩猩一直在使用用牙齿磨尖的长矛进行狩猎。然而，这些报告仍未得到证实。研究人员目睹了黑猩猩使用诸如岩石之类的工具打开椰子壳，以及用石锤砸碎坚果。随着科学技术的发展，我们对黑猩猩智力程度的了解也在加深。研究现已表明，黑猩猩有能力学习和使用符号，并理解人类语言的各个方面，包括句法以及数字序列。正如我之前提到的，黑猩猩这个总称包括普通黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩。这两个亚种以刚果河为界，普通黑猩猩生活在河的一侧，倭黑猩猩生活在河的另一侧。在过去的几十年里，这两个亚种的种群密度都出现了惊人的下降，动物保护主义者现在比以往任何时候都更加努力地保护剩余的黑猩猩并鼓励繁殖。此外，下周的节目将更深入地关注圈养黑猩猩如何通过模仿人类行为来学习，以及黑猩猩的行为如何经过多代发展。非常感谢大家参加今晚的讲座。希望你们觉得它在智力上有所启发，我期待下周再次见到你们。晚安。 第四部分到此结束。你现在有一分钟时间检查第四部分的答案。听力测试到此结束。在雅思考试中，你现在会有十分钟时间将答案誊写到答题纸上。