Listening 2026-02 Test 3

==================== IELTS Listening Transcript ==================== PART 1 Speaker 0: Part one. Speaker 0: You will hear a man telephoning a drama club about becoming its new member. Speaker 0: First, you have some time to look at questions one to five. Speaker 0: Now listen carefully and answer questions one to five. Speaker 1: Good morning. Green Street Drama Society. Jane speaking. How may I help you? Speaker 0: Oh, hi, Jane. My name is James. I've just moved into the area, and I'm thinking about joining your group. My friend Arthur, Arthur Jones, is one of your members, and he recommended that I join. Speaker 1: Oh, that's great. James, we're always looking for new members. Just to give you a bit of background, our amateur drama society has been running since 1976, and we currently have 80 active members, so it's a wonderful part of the community. Do you know where we are? Speaker 0: Yes. I think I have seen it. It's on the university side of the river near the main post office. If I remember correctly, it's on Green Street? Speaker 1: Yes. That's right. Number 117 Green Street is our postal address. If you want to come and check out the rehearsals, then you should come to the clubhouse. It's on the same road just before the post office. Speaker 0: Okay. Got that. So what kind of things can I help out with? Speaker 1: We are actually currently looking for actors. Oh, and male singers. We already have three female members in the group. Speaker 0: That sounds interesting, but I'm afraid that I don't have any experience in acting. Speaker 1: Oh, that's okay. No experience is needed because we will give you the necessary training. We are thinking of staging Hairspray as our musical for next year. Are you more interested in acting or singing? Speaker 0: Well, I would like to do acting. Most recently, my friend played the role of Harry Bright in Mamma Mia. That was with the Footlight Players in Brighton. It was great fun. Speaker 1: That's great. Oh, right. We also need people to lend a hand by running errands from time to time, mainly picking up props and costumes. Can you drive? Speaker 0: Yes. I've got a full license, and I have my own car. That won't be a problem. Speaker 1: Fantastic. What else? Speaker 0: Oh, yes. I nearly forgot. When are your meetings held? On Thursdays? Speaker 1: No. We used to have them on Thursdays. Now we meet on each Tuesday at 7 PM. Oh, I thought my friend Arthur said Thursdays. Speaker 1: Yes. That was actually for last year, and we usually close for our summer break for a few weeks in August. So our first meeting isn't until the September 6. Speaker 0: Okay. I will keep that in mind. Speaker 0: Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions six to 10. Speaker 0: Now listen carefully and answer questions six to 10. Speaker 0: How much does it cost to join? Speaker 1: Let me just double check. Here it is. It is £60. I can also tell you that with the membership comes a club dinner, which we usually hold just before we close for the summer. Speaker 0: Oh, and do you have any concessional rates? Speaker 1: For those who are unemployed or retired, it's only £25. Last month, there was a discount for retirees. The price was only £15, but now it's gone back to the original price. Speaker 0: I'm working, so that doesn't apply to me. I was thinking more about my kids. Just to check, is this an adults only drama society, or are children able to join? Speaker 1: Unfortunately, children can't join at this stage. We have an age limit of 16. But they can join the local children's drama club. Would you like their contact number? Speaker 0: Yes, please. That would be useful. I have twin girls who are 12, and they really enjoy drama. So I was hoping there would be a club for them. Speaker 1: That's right. Get them on the stage when they're young. The contact person is Maria George, and her number is 56473218. Speaker 0: That's great. Thanks for that information. So what types of plays do you mainly put on? Speaker 1: It's mostly modern plays. We don't really do classical stuff like Shakespeare or Moliere. Speaker 0: I see. Do you organize any events on special days or occasions? Speaker 1: We do a Christmas charity performance each year with the money going to a children's hospital. Speaker 0: That sounds like fun. I hope I can be a part of that. Speaker 1: Well, we hope so too, and I look forward to meeting you soon. Would you like to come along in September? Speaker 0: Yes. That would be great for me. Speaker 1: We look forward to meeting you then, James. Speaker 0: Thanks, Jane. See you then. Speaker 0: That is the end of part one. Speaker 0: You now have one minute to check your answers to part one. PART 2 Speaker 2: Section two. Speaker 2: You will hear a radio program introducing the new campus of a local music school. Speaker 2: First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 14. Speaker 2: Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 14. Speaker 2: Hello, welcome to the Art and Heart. I'm your host Alan Green, and this is your very own local radio program. Every Wednesday, we will put the spotlight on different art and culture facilities, which all play a very important part in enriching our life. And today, our focus is the new campus of our city's School of Music. As many of you may know, the original campus of the school, which is located between the post office and city hall, is not big enough to accommodate the increasing number of music students. Therefore, our local council built this new campus opposite to the library in the city center. It is a very good location, and it is only two kilometers from the old campus. Students can travel between the two campuses either by bicycle or by bus. So what does the new campus look like? It is simply beautiful, and it has 14 classrooms in total, which is five rooms more than the old campus. The classrooms are equipped with the latest technology in music education, including headsets and speakers. The instruments are all brand new. I'm sure the students can really benefit from these facilities. As many students drive to school, there is a big car park on the new campus. It is close to the swimming pool. Oh, yes. The swimming pool is one of the best in the city, and it opens to the public on Saturdays. Near the cafeteria, there are tennis and basketball courts where students can exercise. To get more details about the new campus, you can go to the school's website, www.playwell.co.uk. There you will see a map of the campus as well as a lot of amazing pictures. Those of you who are interested in learning music, don't forget to check it out. Speaker 2: Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 15 to 20. Speaker 2: Now listen and answer questions 15 to 20. Speaker 2: So, to give you some more ideas of what courses the new campus has to offer, we have developed a few programs on instruments. I am sure there is always a good course for you. If you are interested in violin, great, because they teach all levels of it. So it doesn't matter if you are an absolute beginner or you are very proficient. You can find your place there. There are also drum classes. But if you haven't learned to play the drums before, I'm afraid it's not for you because the school only offers lessons above level five. Perhaps next year there would be a class for beginners. And you can learn the third level of piano, which will be taught by a teacher who just finished her study in Europe. It's okay if you haven't made up your mind to take music lessons. For those of you who are interested in concerts, there's good news for you too. There are concerts being held in June and December. In the past, concerts were only held in October. Some famous singers and bands in the country will be invited to play on stage with our local artists. So, music fans, it's a great chance for you to meet and hear your favorite singers or bands. Maybe you can even get an autograph. Every March and May, you can be in the limelight yourself if you are interested or good at singing because singing contests will be held in the music hall. Music lovers, don't lose the chance of winning some CDs as prizes. What's more, in the campus theater, there are musicals performed by students every Friday night, and it's free of charge. If you are running out of ideas of what to do, why not go and check it out with your family or friends? I bet you can enjoy yourself and learn something new at the same time. Speaker 2: Next, we will be looking at the... That's the end of section two. Speaker 2: You now have half a minute to check your answers. Speaker 2: Now turn to section three. PART 3 Speaker 3: Section three. Speaker 3: First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 25. Speaker 3: Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 25. Speaker 4: Hi, Francis. Sam. So how did you go with applying the different theoretical business tools for the report I asked you to write? Speaker 5: It was interesting and made us really focus on which tool was best to use when analyzing a business. Speaker 4: Good. So tell me what you found out. Speaker 5: We liked the theory behind PEST analysis. That's political, economic, social, and technological, although we're not sure if it was very applicable to our case. Some of the other groups had studies for which it worked really well, and they said it was easy to use. But I felt it focused too much on the big picture and was unsuitable for our company. Speaker 6: I agree. Speaker 5: On the other hand, I enjoyed using the drill down method. It was painstaking to do, and we seemed to be working on it for ages. But the results were worth waiting for. Speaker 6: Yes. I liked the way it eventually broke down complex problems. Speaker 5: Yes. Speaker 6: I much prefer doing the PMI analysis. It was so straightforward to break down into its three components, plus, minus, and interesting implications. You just needed to brainstorm these components and then write them up, fast and effective, and it didn't make your brain hurt doing it. Speaker 5: I agree. And you don't need any special training at all. Anyone can use it. Speaker 4: So was there any tool that you thought was superior to the others? Speaker 5: In my opinion, the one tool that is critical to business, especially for larger companies, is Pareto analysis. If they applied Pareto analysis, they would see that by focusing on the critical 20% of their problems, they could generate 80% of the benefits. This would allow them to work faster, and it also reduces their workload. It's all about finding out what their basic problems are. Speaker 6: I agree with Francis about Pareto, but my favorite was the SWOT analysis. You know, looking at the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, as it can be used in so many different situations. It works in large and small companies and even down to departmental level. It was great for our case study. Speaker 5: Yes. That's true. Speaker 3: Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 26 to 30 on page six. Speaker 3: Now listen and answer questions 26 to 30. Speaker 4: Okay. I've read your draft report, but can you tell me a bit more about that company you focused on? Speaker 5: Well, the company we used in our study was a manufacturing company who have relied on distributors to take their product to the end user. We did some analysis examining the possibility of them distributing their own products. We initially looked at their strengths. Speaker 6: The company, although it is small, is well known and has a very good reputation. The management are very committed to increasing the company profits, and they are confident this move would be successful. Speaker 5: Right. And the company has quite a lot of staff who have previously worked for distribution companies, so the knowledge is already there. That was something we didn't expect to find and is probably going to help them the most to achieve their goals. Speaker 4: I was quite impressed by some of the opportunities you detailed. I did think you missed something quite pertinent to their future growth, however. Speaker 6: What was that? Speaker 4: You didn't consider the potential for establishing an offshore division. You talked about the company negotiating better terms with its suppliers. Most of these are based abroad. And so if the company had a way of actually distributing the product there, this could be a tremendous opportunity and give them an edge over their competitors. Speaker 5: That's a good point. So what did you think about the threats we identified? Speaker 4: I thought you did a good job. I was really pleased to see that you considered how the government's planned environmental policy could really affect the viability of this venture. With this law being introduced next year, they might need to find new ways of using their existing technology. It's easy to identify what your competitors are doing, but it's the bigger picture that often gets ignored. So, Sam, what did you learn from this assignment? Speaker 6: Heaps. I guess I hadn't realized how much time it takes to ensure your company survives and profits. It was great to study the different tools in books, but applying them in the real world was much harder than I thought. It was a great learning experience. Speaker 4: I'm glad I could make your assignment relevant. I'm basically happy with your report. You've got the format correct, with the necessary headings, etcetera. And you've got sufficient details under the different headings. Just remember to state whether or not you think the company should go ahead with a new venture. But you've done a good job so far. Speaker 3: That is the end of section three. Speaker 3: You now have half a minute to check your answers. PART 4 Speaker 7: Now turn to section four. Speaker 7: Section four. Speaker 7: You will hear a lecturer in development studies talking about transhumans. That is the way groups of people move from place to place with their animals. Speaker 7: First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40. Speaker 7: Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40. Speaker 8: Good afternoon, everyone. Today I'm going to talk about what may be a new concept to you, the movement of people with their herds of animals from place to place. This is known as transhumans. These peoples are pastoralists and their animals include cows, sheep, goats, horses, camels and reindeer. Now, researchers sometimes make a distinction between two types of transhumans, fixed and nomadic, and talk about various factors which differentiate between them. The first and most important distinction they make is to do with the climate. Fixed transhumance occurs in countries such as Switzerland, where seasons are predictable in terms of weather and timing. Nomadic transhumance, on the other hand, is generally practiced in areas where climatic conditions are difficult to predict. An example of such a location is Somalia, as the anticipated rains often just don't appear. Secondly, researchers sometimes look at the type of journey that pastoralists make, their movement. For fixed transhumans, the pattern is sometimes known as vertical because it typically consists of a journey from lower ground in the winter season to higher ground in the summer and vice versa. In the wild, of course, animals frequently follow these kinds of migration patterns themselves. Nomadic transhumans generally takes place over a longer distance, and it's far more complex. The actual pattern varies from year to year, and it's determined primarily by the animal's needs for grass and also for water. Another distinction is sometimes made in terms of homes. In the case of fixed transhumans, the group will typically have permanent homes in the valley and a shelter which is semi permanent in the mountains, such as a cabin, to offer some protection from the weather. In nomadic transhumans, however, the pastoralists always live in temporary shelters, which are transported by their livestock from place to place, and are usually light and portable. In Northern Kenya, for example, the Gabora pastoralist carries the frame of his home on his camel and then covers it with branches when he stops for the night. A fourth factor often mentioned is the number of people taking part. In the case of fixed transhumans, only the people who actually look after the herds travel. These are normally the young ones because they can withstand adverse physical conditions more easily. By contrast, in nomadic transhumans, the whole group moves with their livestock. The last points of comparison often made by researchers are diet and goods. In fixed transhumans, those who do not move from the valleys often start working as farmers, cultivating the land. They build up contacts with other communities, and in some cases they may also trade animals for grain. In nomadic transhumans, there are fewer contacts. The group are generally regarded as providers of all their own needs, and they obtain food such as cheese and meat and also their clothing from their herds. Another example is found in Algeria in North Africa, to see how far this model applies to transhumans there. Fixed transhumans from valley to mountain pastures is common in the area, but some recent pastoralists also take their herds on longer journeys at the end of spring, from the Sahara in the South to the plains in the North where there is more abundant rainfall. They have traditionally assisted local farmers with the harvest, which takes place while they are temporarily a resident there. We have to decide whether their move would fall within the category of fixed or nomadic transhumans. It is true they live in tents and these are movable and temporary right through the year, whether they are in the Sahara or in the North of Algeria. So in considering their homes, they appear nomadic. On the other hand, in relation to their patterns of movement, they do not. They drive their livestock through the same passes and mountains each year, which suggests fixed transhumans. Here, in fact, we have a case showing some features of both types of transhumans, which we might more precisely refer to as intermediate. This all goes to show that you should treat every theory with great care, and not force your case history into a model if it doesn't fit. Speaker 7: That is the end of section four. Speaker 7: You now have half a minute to check your answers. ==================== Chinese Translation ==================== 第一部分 Speaker 0：第一部分。你将听到一名男子打电话给一家戏剧俱乐部，咨询成为其新会员的事宜。首先，你有时间看一下第一到第五题。现在请仔细听，并回答第一到第五题。 Speaker 1：早上好。这里是格林街戏剧社，我是简。请问有什么可以帮您？ Speaker 0：哦，你好，简。我叫詹姆斯。我刚搬来这个地区，正在考虑加入你们社团。我的朋友亚瑟，亚瑟·琼斯，是你们的会员，他推荐我加入。 Speaker 1：哦，太好了。詹姆斯，我们一直在寻找新成员。简单介绍一下背景，我们的业余戏剧社从1976年就开始运营了，目前有80名活跃会员，是社区里很棒的一部分。你知道我们在哪里吗？ Speaker 0：是的。我想我看到过。它在河边的大学那一侧，靠近主邮局。如果我没记错的话，是在格林街？ Speaker 1：是的，没错。我们的邮寄地址是格林街117号。如果你想来看看排练，你应该来俱乐部会所。它在同一条路上，就在邮局前面。 Speaker 0：好的，明白了。那么我可以帮忙做些什么呢？ Speaker 1：我们目前正在招募演员。哦，还有男歌手。我们组里已经有三位女性成员了。 Speaker 0：听起来很有趣，但我恐怕没有任何表演经验。 Speaker 1：哦，没关系。不需要经验，因为我们会提供必要的培训。我们正在考虑明年上演音乐剧《发胶》。你对表演还是唱歌更感兴趣？ Speaker 0：嗯，我想做表演。最近，我的朋友在布莱顿的聚光灯剧团出演了《妈妈咪呀！》中的哈里·布莱特。那非常有趣。 Speaker 1：太好了。哦，对了。我们还需要有人时不时帮忙跑跑腿，主要是去取道具和服装。你会开车吗？ Speaker 0：是的。我有正式驾照，而且有自己的车。那没问题。 Speaker 1：太好了。还有什么？ Speaker 0：哦，对了。我差点忘了。你们的会议是什么时候举行？星期四吗？ Speaker 1：不。我们以前是星期四。现在我们在每个星期二晚上7点开会。哦，我还以为我的朋友亚瑟说的是星期四呢。 Speaker 1：是的。那实际上是去年的安排，我们通常在八月份放几周的暑假。所以我们的第一次会议要到9月6日才开始。 Speaker 0：好的。我会记住的。 Speaker 0：在你听到对话的其余部分之前，你有时间看一下第六到第十题。现在请仔细听，并回答第六到第十题。 Speaker 0：加入需要多少钱？ Speaker 1：让我再确认一下。在这里。是60英镑。我还可以告诉你，会员资格包括一次俱乐部晚宴，我们通常在暑假前举行。 Speaker 0：哦，你们有优惠价格吗？ Speaker 1：对于失业或退休人员，只需25英镑。上个月，退休人员有折扣。价格只有15英镑，但现在又恢复原价了。 Speaker 0：我有工作，所以这不适用于我。我更多是在想我的孩子们。只是想确认一下，这是一个仅限成人的戏剧社，还是孩子也可以加入？ Speaker 1：很遗憾，目前孩子不能加入。我们的年龄限制是16岁。但他们可以加入当地的儿童戏剧俱乐部。你想要他们的联系电话吗？ Speaker 0：是的，请给我。那会很有用。我有一对12岁的双胞胎女儿，她们非常喜欢戏剧。所以我希望有适合她们的俱乐部。 Speaker 1：没错。让她们从小就开始登台。联系人是玛丽亚·乔治，她的电话号码是56473218。 Speaker 0：太好了。谢谢你的信息。那么你们主要上演什么类型的戏剧？ Speaker 1：主要是现代剧。我们不太演像莎士比亚或莫里哀那样的古典作品。 Speaker 0：我明白了。你们会在特殊日子或场合组织活动吗？ Speaker 1：我们每年都会举办一场圣诞慈善演出，所得款项捐给一家儿童医院。 Speaker 0：听起来很有趣。我希望我能参与其中。 Speaker 1：嗯，我们也希望如此，期待很快见到你。你愿意九月份过来吗？ Speaker 0：是的。那对我来说太好了。 Speaker 1：我们期待那时见到你，詹姆斯。 Speaker 0：谢谢你，简。到时候见。 Speaker 0：第一部分到此结束。你现在有一分钟时间检查第一部分的答案。 第二部分 Speaker 2：第二部分。你将听到一个广播节目，介绍当地一所音乐学校的新校区。首先，你有时间看一下第11到14题。现在请仔细听，并回答第11到14题。 Speaker 2：大家好，欢迎收听《艺术与心灵》。我是主持人艾伦·格林，这是你们自己的本地广播节目。每周三，我们将聚焦于不同的艺术文化设施，它们在丰富我们生活方面都扮演着非常重要的角色。今天，我们的焦点是我们城市音乐学校的新校区。你们很多人可能知道，学校原来的校区位于邮局和市政厅之间，已经不足以容纳越来越多的音乐学生。因此，我们当地市政厅在市中心图书馆对面建造了这个新校区。地理位置非常好，距离老校区只有两公里。学生可以骑自行车或乘公交车往返于两个校区之间。那么新校区是什么样子呢？它非常漂亮，总共有14间教室，比老校区多了五间。教室配备了最新的音乐教育技术，包括耳机和扬声器。乐器都是全新的。我相信学生们一定能从这些设施中受益匪浅。由于很多学生开车上学，新校区有一个大型停车场。它靠近游泳池。哦，是的。这个游泳池是城里最好的游泳池之一，周六向公众开放。在自助餐厅附近，有网球场和篮球场供学生锻炼。要了解更多关于新校区的详细信息，你可以访问学校网站 www.playwell.co.uk。在那里你会看到校园地图以及许多精彩的照片。那些对学习音乐感兴趣的人，别忘了去看看。 Speaker 2：在你听到谈话的其余部分之前，你有时间看一下第15到20题。现在请听并回答第15到20题。 Speaker 2：那么，为了让你们更了解新校区提供的课程，我们开发了一些乐器课程项目。我相信总有一门适合你的好课程。如果你对小提琴感兴趣，太好了，因为他们教授所有级别。所以无论你是完全的初学者还是已经很熟练，你都能在那里找到适合自己的位置。还有架子鼓课程。但如果你以前没学过打鼓，恐怕这不适合你，因为学校只提供五级以上的课程。也许明年会有初级班。你可以学习第三级的钢琴，将由一位刚从欧洲完成学业的老师授课。如果你还没决定上音乐课也没关系。对于那些对音乐会感兴趣的人来说，也有好消息。音乐会将在六月和十二月举行。过去，音乐会只在十月举行。国内一些著名的歌手和乐队将被邀请与我们的本地艺术家同台演出。所以，音乐爱好者们，这是你们见到并聆听你们最喜欢的歌手或乐队的绝佳机会。也许你还能得到签名。每年三月和五月，如果你对唱歌感兴趣或擅长唱歌，你可以自己成为焦点，因为歌唱比赛将在音乐厅举行。音乐爱好者们，不要错过赢得CD作为奖品的机会。更重要的是，在校园剧院里，每周五晚上都有学生表演的音乐剧，而且是免费的。如果你不知道做什么好，为什么不和家人或朋友一起去看看呢？我敢打赌你一定能玩得开心，同时学到新东西。 Speaker 2：接下来，我们将关注……第二部分到此结束。你现在有半分钟时间检查你的答案。现在请翻到第三部分。 第三部分 Speaker 3：第三部分。首先，你有时间看一下第21到25题。现在请仔细听，并回答第21到25题。 Speaker 4：嗨，弗朗西斯。我是萨姆。那么，对于我让你写的报告，应用不同的理论商业工具进行得怎么样了？ Speaker 5：这很有趣，让我们真正专注于分析企业时哪种工具最好用。 Speaker 4：好的。那么告诉我你们的发现。 Speaker 5：我们喜欢PEST分析背后的理论。也就是政治、经济、社会和技术，尽管我们不确定它是否非常适用于我们的案例。其他一些小组的研究中它效果很好，他们说它很容易使用。但我感觉它过于关注宏观图景，不适合我们公司。 Speaker 6：我同意。 Speaker 5：另一方面，我喜欢使用“逐层深入”的方法。做起来很费力，我们似乎花了很长时间。但结果值得等待。 Speaker 6：是的。我喜欢它最终分解复杂问题的方式。 Speaker 5：是的。 Speaker 6：我更喜欢做PMI分析。把它分解成三个组成部分——优点、缺点和有趣的影响——非常直接。你只需要对这些组成部分进行头脑风暴，然后写下来，快速有效，而且不会让你动脑筋想得头疼。 Speaker 5：我同意。而且你根本不需要任何特殊培训。任何人都可以使用它。 Speaker 4：那么，你们认为有没有哪种工具比其他工具更优越？ Speaker 5：在我看来，对企业，尤其是大公司来说，一个至关重要的工具是帕累托分析。如果他们应用帕累托分析，他们会发现，通过关注他们问题中关键的20%，他们可以产生80%的收益。这能让他们工作得更快，也减少了他们的工作量。关键在于找出他们的基本问题是什么。 Speaker 6：我同意弗朗西斯关于帕累托的观点，但我最喜欢的是SWOT分析。你知道，就是分析公司的优势、劣势、机会和威胁，因为它可以在很多不同的情况下使用。它适用于大公司和小公司，甚至下到部门层面。对我们的案例研究来说很棒。 Speaker 5：是的。确实如此。 Speaker 3：在你听到讨论的其余部分之前，你有时间看一下第六页上的第26到30题。现在请听并回答第26到30题。 Speaker 4：好的。我读了你们的报告草稿，但能再跟我讲讲你们关注的那家公司吗？ Speaker 5：嗯，我们研究中使用的公司是一家制造公司，他们一直依赖分销商将产品送到最终用户手中。我们做了一些分析，研究他们自己分销产品的可能性。我们首先看了他们的优势。 Speaker 6：这家公司虽然规模小，但知名度高，声誉很好。管理层非常致力于增加公司利润，并且他们相信这一举措会成功。 Speaker 5：对。而且公司有相当多的员工以前曾在分销公司工作过，所以知识已经存在了。这是我们没想到的发现，可能对他们实现目标帮助最大。 Speaker 4：你们详细阐述的一些机会给我留下了深刻印象。不过，我确实认为你们遗漏了一些对他们未来增长非常关键的东西。 Speaker 6：是什么？ Speaker 4：你们没有考虑建立海外部门的潜力。你们谈到了公司与供应商谈判争取更优惠的条款。这些供应商大多在国外。所以，如果公司有办法在那里实际分销产品，这可能是一个巨大的机会，并让他们比竞争对手更有优势。 Speaker 5：说得好。那么你觉得我们识别的威胁怎么样？ Speaker 4：我认为你们做得很好。我很高兴看到你们考虑了政府计划中的环境政策会如何真正影响这项事业的可行性。随着这项法律明年出台，他们可能需要寻找使用现有技术的新方法。识别竞争对手在做什么很容易，但更大的图景往往被忽视。那么，萨姆，你从这次作业中学到了什么？ Speaker 6：很多。我想我以前没有意识到确保公司生存和盈利需要花费多少时间。在书本上学习不同的工具很棒，但在现实世界中应用它们比我想象的要难得多。这是一次很棒的学习经历。 Speaker 4：很高兴我能让你的作业有实际意义。我对你们的报告基本满意。你们的格式正确，有必要的标题等等。并且在不同的标题下有足够的细节。只是要记得说明你们是否认为公司应该继续推进新项目。但到目前为止你们做得很好。 Speaker 3：第三部分到此结束。你现在有半分钟时间检查你的答案。 第四部分 Speaker 7：现在请翻到第四部分。第四部分。你将听到一位发展研究讲师谈论“转场放牧”。也就是一群人带着他们的动物从一个地方迁移到另一个地方的方式。首先，你有时间看一下第31到40题。现在请仔细听，并回答第31到40题。 Speaker 8：大家下午好。今天我要讲一个对你们来说可能是新概念的内容，即人们带着他们的畜群从一个地方迁移到另一个地方。这被称为转场放牧。这些人是牧民，他们的动物包括牛、绵羊、山羊、马、骆驼和驯鹿。现在，研究人员有时会区分两种类型的转场放牧：固定式和游牧式，并讨论区分它们的不同因素。他们做出的第一个也是最重要的区分与气候有关。固定式转场放牧发生在瑞士这样的国家，那里的季节在天气和时间上都是可预测的。另一方面，游牧式转场放牧通常在气候条件难以预测的地区进行。索马里就是这样一个地点，因为预期的降雨常常根本不会出现。其次，研究人员有时会看牧民进行的旅程类型，即他们的移动方式。对于固定式转场放牧，其模式有时被称为垂直模式，因为它通常包括从冬季的低地到夏季的高地的旅程，反之亦然。当然，在野外，动物本身也经常遵循这类迁徙模式。游牧式转场放牧通常发生在更长的距离上，而且复杂得多。实际的模式每年都不同，主要取决于动物对草和水的需求。另一个区别有时体现在住所方面。对于固定式转场放牧，该群体通常在谷地有永久性住所，在山上有半永久性的遮蔽所，比如小屋，以提供一些天气防护。然而，在游牧式转场放牧中，牧民总是住在临时住所里，这些住所由他们的牲畜从一个地方运到另一个地方，通常轻便且可携带。例如，在肯尼亚北部，加布拉牧民把家的框架放在骆驼上，然后在停下来过夜时用树枝覆盖它。经常提到的第四个因素是参与的人数。对于固定式转场放牧，只有实际照看畜群的人才会旅行。这些人通常是年轻人，因为他们能更容易地承受不利的身体条件。相比之下，在游牧式转场放牧中，整个群体都随着他们的牲畜移动。研究人员经常做的最后一点比较是饮食和物品。在固定式转场放牧中，那些不离开谷地的人通常开始务农，耕种土地。他们与其他社区建立联系，在某些情况下，他们也可能用动物交换谷物。在游牧式转场放牧中，联系较少。该群体通常被视为自给自足者，他们从自己的畜群中获得食物，如奶酪和肉，以及他们的衣物。另一个例子来自北非的阿尔及利亚，看看这个模型在多大程度上适用于那里的转场放牧。从谷地到高山牧场的固定式转场放牧在该地区很常见，但一些近代的牧民也在春末带着他们的畜群进行更长的旅程，从南部的撒哈拉沙漠到北部降雨更充沛的平原。他们传统上会帮助当地农民收割庄稼，而这发生在他们暂时居住在那里的时候。我们必须判断他们的迁移属于固定式还是游牧式转场放牧的范畴。确实，他们全年都住在帐篷里，这些帐篷是可移动且临时的，无论他们是在撒哈拉沙漠还是在阿尔及利亚北部。因此，从住所来看，他们似乎是游牧式的。另一方面，就他们的移动模式而言，他们又不是。他们每年都驱赶着牲畜穿过相同的山口和山脉，这暗示了固定式转场放牧。事实上，这里我们有一个案例，展示了两种转场放牧类型的一些特征，我们或许可以更精确地称之为中间类型。这一切都表明，你应该非常谨慎地对待每一种理论，如果案例历史不符合模型，就不要强行将其套入其中。 Speaker 7：第四部分到此结束。你现在有半分钟时间检查你的答案。