Listening 2026-05 Test 6

==================== IELTS Listening Transcript ==================== PART 1 Speaker 0: You will hear a number of different recordings, and you will have to answer questions on what you hear. There will be time for you to read the instructions and questions, and you will have a chance to check your work. All the recordings will be played once only. The test is in four parts. Write all your answers in the listening question booklet. At the end of the test, you will be given ten minutes to transfer your answers to an answer sheet. Now turn to part one on page two of your question booklet. Part one. You will hear a teenager asking about joining a film club. First, you have some time to look at questions one to four. Now listen carefully and answer questions one to four. Speaker 1: Hi. Can I help you? Speaker 2: Yeah. I saw on the Internet that you have a film club here at the cinema, but there wasn't a lot about it. Can you tell me a bit more? Speaker 1: Yes. We're still setting up the web page. Sorry about that. We only started the club a few months ago. It's been very popular right from the beginning. We have regular film showings, and there are lots of other benefits. Speaker 2: How often does the club meet? Speaker 1: Every two weeks on Thursday nights. Speaker 2: Okay. And I'm 16. So could I join? Speaker 1: Sure. People of any age can join. Speaker 2: Right. So how much does it cost to join? Speaker 1: Well, it depends. The basic charge is £24 a season. But for people eligible for concessions, it's £21.50. Speaker 2: I'm a student. Speaker 1: You'd get the concession rate then. Speaker 2: That's good. Speaker 1: That entitles you to free entry to the club films and also to £2 off tickets for all other films on at the cinema. So you'd pay £4.50 instead of £6.50. Speaker 2: Great. Speaker 1: Okay. Now I don't know if this applies to you, but club members are also eligible for three hours complimentary parking when there's a film on. Speaker 2: Well, I don't drive, but my girlfriend does. So it might be useful. Speaker 1: Yes. Speaker 2: Okay. Well, I'd definitely like to join. Speaker 0: Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions five to 10. Now listen and answer questions five to 10. Speaker 2: Can you give me any information about the next few films you're showing? Speaker 1: I'm afraid we've run out of leaflets for this season. So I'll tell you about the next few films, and hopefully, we'll have all details on the Internet soon. So the next meeting's this Thursday, October 14, and that's a film called Pablo. Speaker 2: Ah, read the reviews of that. It's set in Argentina, isn't it? Speaker 1: Mhmm. Speaker 2: About a child who's run away from home? Speaker 1: That's right. It just came out recently. And the kid somehow gets on TV and he wins a dance competition or something. Speaker 2: A singing competition. Speaker 1: Yeah. I haven't seen it either, but it tells you on the posters. Speaker 2: Yes. It sounds really good. Well, I definitely want to see that. What's on after that? Speaker 1: On October 28, there's an American film called The Soldier. That's an old silent movie. But in this showing, we have someone who'll accompany it on the piano, just like they used to in the old cinemas, though it was sometimes an organ accompaniment in those days. Speaker 2: Must be a pretty old film then. When did they release the first talkies? 1926 or '27? Speaker 1: Yes. This was made in 1922, so well before. Though I think they had short feature films with sound by 1923, actually. So what sort of film is it? Speaker 1: Well, it's billed as a comedy. Though you'd think it was a war film from the title. I don't know much about the plot. We don't have much information, though you could always look it up on the Internet. Speaker 2: Yeah. I'll do that. Speaker 1: Then the next film after that – so that'll be, let's see – November 11 is a film about animals, and it's just called Tiger. And that's a cartoon film, which makes it sound as if it's for children, but actually, it's aimed at adults, and it's really quite frightening in places. I saw it when it first came out. Speaker 2: What's it about? Speaker 1: It's got no humans in it at all. It's just about the effect of environmental changes millions of years ago on the animals who lived then. It's a really strange film. There's a talk afterwards given by the director, so that should be very popular. You'll need to book early for that, I should think. Speaker 2: Right. Well, thanks for all that. Now if you can give me the application form... Speaker 1: Sure. Speaker 0: That is the end of part one. You now have one minute to check your answers to part one. PART 2 Speaker 4: Part two. Speaker 3: You are going to hear an introduction to some London parks. First look at questions 11 to 15. Speaker 4: Good morning, everybody, and welcome to the London Parks Society. It's a lovely day. So in half an hour or so, we'll go outside and start our tour of some of London's famous royal parks. But for the next half an hour or so, while we enjoy our coffee and biscuits, I'll tell you something about some of these wonderful parks, a brief history, and some of their special attractions. I also have a few slides to show you. First, what do we mean by "royal Park"? In short, they once belonged to or were established by order of a king or queen of England, or at least a member of the royal family. And it's a good job they did. They provide quiet and natural scenery, places that we might not be able to enjoy today if our former rulers had just put buildings everywhere. Let's start with the most famous, Hyde Park. This park offers some of London's finest scenery and covers 630 acres and a perimeter of four miles. I know we have friends from France here, so I'd better give it in metric. That's about 260 hectares and 6.5 kilometers. Hyde Park dates back to 1536 when King Henry the Eighth got the land from the monks of Westminster Abbey. Much of the later design, its layout, was done by the architect Decimus Burton in the eighteen twenties, who took full advantage of the area's high and low land. It was the original site of the Crystal Palace, built for the Great Exhibition of eighteen fifty one, the original ancestor of today's world expos, like the one that will be held in Shanghai in 2010, I think. So it's been popular for a long time, and not only the people who live and work near the park like it. Many famous rock bands like Pink Floyd and the Rolling Stones have put on big rock concerts here. I still remember the Rolling Stones concert there in, I forget the exact year. It was around 1968 when I was a university student. Speaker 3: Now look at questions 16 to 20. As the talk continues, answer questions 16 to 20. Speaker 4: I mentioned the architect Decimus Burton. He designed the very impressive grand entrance to the park. The whole front is about a 107 feet long. Look at the four magnificent pillars that support the central entrance and that carving on the wall. Here's a close-up of a naval and military procession, and the gates made of iron and bronze with a beautiful Greek style flower design. One of the most popular sites in the park is Speaker's Corner, in the Northeast Corner, where you can hear British people exercise their right to free speech. There may be a dozen or more at any one time, each standing on a soapbox and spouting – usually controversial – views on any topic you can think of, religion, politics, fox hunting, trade unions, Europe, tourists, etcetera. Lots of arguing. It's great fun. And south of the Serpentine Lake is the memorial to Diana, Princess of Wales. It's an oval stone fountain that opened on 07/06/2004. Another memorial in the southeast corner of the park is the Albert Memorial, Queen Victoria's monument to her husband of that name. I see that time is getting short, so I'll be a bit briefer with the other parks that we'll see today and tomorrow. Regent's Park. It has a fantastic landscape and is known as the jewel in the crown. Regent's Park covers 487 acres. That's 197 hectares, including Primrose Hill and has the largest outdoor sports area in London. Rugby, basketball, soccer, netball, cricket – it's all here. Saint James's Park, with its royal, political, and literary associations, is at the very heart of London. It's overlooked by not one but three royal palaces. The most ancient palace is Westminster, now known as the Houses of Parliament. Then there's Saint James's Palace, which used to be the king or queen's residence, despite the fact that the monarch has lived in the third palace, Buckingham Palace, since 1837. There's so much to see in or by Saint James's Park. Bands give concerts twice a day in the park at weekends during the summer. And tomorrow is Saturday, so we're in luck. Then there's the changing of the guards. The queen's lifeguard changes daily at Whitehall, just nearby, Monday to Saturday at 11AM, an hour earlier on Sundays, and at Buckingham Palace every day at 11:30 in April, May, and June, and on alternate days in July and March if the weather is okay. Finally, we'll visit Greenwich Park, which is the oldest enclosed royal Park. It's situated on a hilltop with impressive views over the River Thames to the Docklands and the city of London. It contains several historic buildings, including the Old Royal Observatory, the Royal Naval College, the National Maritime Museum, and the Queen's House. Well, it's time to go. A ten minute walk, and we'll be at Hyde Park. Speaker 4: That is the end of part two. You now have thirty seconds to check your answers to part two. PART 3 Speaker 5: Now turn to Section three. Section three. You will hear two business students talking about the research they have done into one area of business. First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 26. Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 26. Speaker 6: Okay. So let's look at what topic we've got for the next tutorial. Ah, intellectual property. That's anything that you produce from your own ideas or creative activity. It's like the property of your mind. Speaker 5: And we have to look at the different ways of legally protecting these ideas and inventions. Speaker 6: Right. We need to know what they are and be able to talk about them. You wanna start with copyright? Speaker 5: Yeah. It's the one I knew a bit about already. It's your right as the author or inventor lasting for seventy years after your death. It's free, and you don't even have to apply for it. But it doesn't fit every situation, does it? Speaker 6: Okay. What about some other kinds of registration? I did some research on patents. Speaker 5: Right. A patent means no one else can financially benefit from your invention. Speaker 6: Right. It seems to be very costly to apply for. So you really need to know what you've invented is worth going through all the rigmarole for. Speaker 5: Well, I don't think it's something you can do without professional help. It's a very complicated process. Speaker 6: Let's have a look at trademarks next. We are both quite familiar with these. I mean, just think how well known the logos of some companies are. They seem to really instill trust in a brand, and so they add millions of dollars to how much a company's worth. Speaker 5: And from what I've discovered, it doesn't seem to cost much to register trademarks either. Speaker 5: Okay. So what's next? Ah, design. This has quite a specific meaning as it relates to how something looks and not how it works. I read it's standard for the big corporations that make mobile phones to register the design of their handsets so they remain quite distinctive. Speaker 6: That's interesting. I wasn't aware of that. So how does design differ from the next category of protection? Speaker 5: You mean circuit? Well, circuits are a type of protection that safeguards original layout design for things like computer chips. So it's fairly narrow in its meaning, and it is quite limited as it can only be enforced in this country. Speaker 6: Yeah. The blueprint could be copied and reproduced in other countries, and the owner has no legal protection. Speaker 5: So my view is, what's the point? Maybe in time, it will be recognized elsewhere. Speaker 6: I find the next category quite interesting. When I think of trade secrets, I immediately think of Granny Mae's cookies. They've deliberately not patented their special recipe so that the other manufacturers don't know what the ingredients are. Hard for them to discover. Speaker 5: Yeah. But it must be difficult to maintain a trade secret because you have to make sure that all staff sign an agreement and stick to it if they leave. Speaker 6: That's true. Speaker 6: Okay. So we're happy with what we've discussed with different types of intellectual property. Speaker 5: Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 27 to 30. Now listen and answer questions 27 to 30. Speaker 6: Next, we have to write up the process that one company uses to manage its intellectual property. Speaker 5: Yeah. In the company we looked at, there were certainly a lot of people involved in this process, from the research leader through to the commercialization committee. Speaker 6: Right. Well, it all gets initiated by the quarterly research report. This is produced by the – let me look at my notes – the project leader. They have to write up the report with details of how they are meeting their research deadlines. Speaker 5: And they put details in it about changes in intellectual property, don't they? Things like they now realize that they are researching something that may be patentable after all, and they have to identify this as early as possible. Speaker 6: And do they send the report to an external expert at this stage? Speaker 5: No. They send it on to the Commercialization Committee, which consists of the program leader and an industry representative. They review the report bearing amendments to the intellectual property. Speaker 6: Right. Then from that review meeting, all the amendments are brought together and gone through by the delivery officer who works out the most beneficial way to register the intellectual property. Speaker 5: Yes. This stage can take quite a long time. The project leader must get really frustrated by all this. If I've got this right, they then let the business manager know what has been decided, and it's at this point that the intellectual property gets taken out of the control of the research area and it becomes more to do with the financial or commercial issues of registration. Speaker 6: Exactly. So if they feel that their proposal fits within the allocated budget for intellectual property and a likely return on the investment is worth it, they will then need to engage the help of a specialist in the field. It's extremely likely that they will find themselves... Speaker 5: That is the end of section three. You now have half a minute to check your answers. PART 4 Speaker 0: Part four. You will hear part of a lecture about an early form of photography that developed in Britain and France called calotype photography. First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40. Speaker 7: Morning, everyone. Welcome back to this series of lectures on the development of photography. Last week we looked at a type of photography called daguerreotype, the first commercially successful photographic process. Today we're going to look at how this was gradually replaced by a technique called calotype. Daguerreotype was a major breakthrough, but there were problems with it. In particular, because the image was produced on a copper sheet, it was expensive to create each photograph. As a result, during the 1840s, a man named William Talbot began looking for an alternative approach. Talbot eventually became an influential figure, but he always said he was not a professional photographer. In fact, he trained as an artist. His greatest interest was painting, and he only became involved with photography as a secondary interest. Talbot spent many years trying to solve the problems associated with daguerreotype photography. He tried a number of different approaches, and it took some time to find a successful alternative. But in the end, what he did was, instead of producing each photograph on a sheet of copper, he produced them on paper, and at the time this was a great advance. Talbot's technique, which he called calotype photography, had other advantages as well. Maybe the most important was that the pictures themselves weren't as sharp as the ones produced before. The sharpness had been a problem because it distorted everything, but this new calotype process produced images that were realistic compared to all earlier photographs. Calotype photography was invented in Britain, but it was also popular with French photographers. The 1850s were a time of rapid development in France, and photography was used to record these changes. One example of how important photography had become occurred in 1851, when the French government established a society to promote the interests of photographers, something that hadn't happened before. To begin with, there were five members, and maybe the most important was a man called Gustave Legray. Legray became increasingly fascinated by the calotype process. Most of all, he wanted to produce different types of image, so began a series of experiments to see how this might be done. His greatest success was when he designed the first camera that was able to create enlargements, an important step forward. Another of Legray's innovations was his work on the size of the equipment necessary to take photographs. Originally it was very heavy and difficult to move about, but Legray made it lighter and smaller. This meant he could take photographs outdoors more easily, rather than being limited to the studio, which had sometimes been the case until then. Legray produced numerous photographs during this period, and was highly regarded among fellow photographers. But his work also became famous among the general public, because he wrote a very popular series of books describing the calotype process and giving examples of his work. The simple fact was that people liked photography. They thought it was reliable, especially compared to drawing, where the human hand might alter or exaggerate things. This had various consequences, one of which was that photography was now often used to record the huge programme of renovation work of historical buildings in France during the 1850s. The camera doesn't lie, so people said. As a result, the calotype process was admired not only by photographers, but increasingly by the government and by mainstream society. However, debate still remained about whether photography could truly be called an art form like sculpture or drawing. Certainly, although the public liked it, in the opinion of critics, photography could not be compared to other established forms of art. So, in summary, what can we say about calotype photography during this period? One thing to re-emphasise is that the 1850s were a period of great development in Britain and France. The culture in both countries admired all new technological advances, and photography represented these ideas because it was considered to be a science by most people. However, photographers didn't stop experimenting with new materials to improve the quality of their work. Most of all, they were searching for ways to make images more permanent, because calotype photographs tended to fade over time. And in the end, they found that if the image was produced on glass, it lasted much longer, so calotype photography was slowly replaced by other techniques which had greater long... Speaker 0: That is the end of part four. You now have one minute to check your answers to part four. ==================== Chinese Translation ==================== 第一部分 Speaker 0: 你将听到几段不同的录音，并需要根据听到的内容回答问题。你会有时间阅读说明和问题，也有机会检查你的答案。所有录音只播放一次。考试分为四个部分。请将所有答案写在听力问题册中。考试结束后，你会有十分钟时间将答案誊写到答题纸上。现在翻到问题册第二页的第一部分。第一部分。你将听到一名青少年询问加入电影俱乐部的事宜。首先，你有时间看一下第一至第四题。现在仔细听，并回答第一至第四题。 Speaker 1: 你好，需要帮忙吗？ Speaker 2: 是的。我在网上看到你们电影院有一个电影俱乐部，但信息不多。你能多告诉我一些吗？ Speaker 1: 好的。我们还在建设网页，抱歉。我们几个月前才成立这个俱乐部，从一开始就很受欢迎。我们有定期的电影放映，还有很多其他福利。 Speaker 2: 俱乐部多久聚会一次？ Speaker 1: 每两周一次，在周四晚上。 Speaker 2: 好的。我16岁，可以加入吗？ Speaker 1: 当然可以。任何年龄的人都可以加入。 Speaker 2: 好的。加入需要多少钱？ Speaker 1: 嗯，这要看情况。基本费用是每季24英镑。但符合优惠条件的人只需21.50英镑。 Speaker 2: 我是学生。 Speaker 1: 那你就可以享受优惠价了。 Speaker 2: 太好了。 Speaker 1: 这包括免费观看俱乐部电影，以及电影院其他所有电影门票减2英镑。所以你只需支付4.50英镑，而不是6.50英镑。 Speaker 2: 太棒了。 Speaker 1: 好的。我不知道这对你是否适用，但俱乐部成员在有电影放映时还可以享受三小时免费停车。 Speaker 2: 嗯，我不开车，但我女朋友开。所以可能有用。 Speaker 1: 是的。 Speaker 2: 好的。我 definitely 想加入。 Speaker 0: 在听对话的其余部分之前，你有时间看一下第五至第十题。现在听并回答第五至第十题。 Speaker 2: 你能告诉我接下来几部放映的电影的信息吗？ Speaker 1: 恐怕这季的传单已经发完了。所以我给你介绍一下接下来几部电影，希望我们很快会在网上公布所有细节。下一次聚会是这个星期四，10月14日，放映一部叫《巴勃罗》的电影。 Speaker 2: 啊，我看过那部电影的评论。故事背景在阿根廷，对吧？ Speaker 1: 嗯。 Speaker 2: 关于一个离家出走的孩子？ Speaker 1: 没错。这部电影刚上映不久。那个孩子 somehow 上了电视，赢得了一个舞蹈比赛还是什么。 Speaker 2: 是歌唱比赛。 Speaker 1: 是的。我也没看过，但海报上有说明。 Speaker 2: 听起来真不错。我 definitely 想看。之后放什么？ Speaker 1: 10月28日，有一部美国电影叫《士兵》。那是一部老无声电影。但这次放映，我们会有人用钢琴伴奏，就像过去老电影院那样，不过那时候有时是用管风琴伴奏的。 Speaker 2: 那一定是一部很老的电影了。第一部有声电影是什么时候发行的？1926年还是27年？ Speaker 1: 是的。这部电影是1922年制作的，所以早得多。不过我想实际上到1923年就有短篇有声故事片了。那么这是什么类型的电影呢？嗯，宣传说是喜剧。但从片名看你会以为是战争片。我对情节了解不多。我们信息不多，不过你总可以在网上查查。 Speaker 2: 好的，我会查的。 Speaker 1: 那之后的下一部电影——让我看看——11月11日是一部关于动物的电影，就叫《老虎》。那是一部动画片，听起来像是给孩子们看的，但实际上它是面向成年人的，有些地方真的很吓人。它刚上映时我看过。 Speaker 2: 讲的是什么？ Speaker 1: 里面完全没有人类。只是关于数百万年前环境变化对当时生活的动物的影响。这是一部非常奇怪的电影。之后还有导演的讲座，所以应该会很受欢迎。我想你得提前订票。 Speaker 2: 好的。非常感谢。现在你能给我申请表吗…… Speaker 1: 当然。 Speaker 0: 第一部分结束。你现在有一分钟时间检查第一部分的答案。 第二部分 Speaker 4: 第二部分。 Speaker 3: 你将听到一段关于伦敦一些公园的介绍。首先看第11至15题。 Speaker 4: 大家早上好，欢迎来到伦敦公园协会。今天天气很好。大约半小时后，我们将出去开始游览伦敦一些著名的皇家公园。但在接下来的半小时左右，在我们享用咖啡和饼干的同时，我将向大家介绍这些美妙公园的一些情况，简要的历史，以及它们的一些特色景点。我还有一些幻灯片给大家看。首先，什么是“皇家公园”？简而言之，它们曾经属于或是由英格兰国王或女王，或者至少是王室成员下令建立的。幸好他们这么做了。它们提供了宁静的自然景观，如果我们以前的统治者到处建满建筑，我们今天可能就无法享受这些地方了。让我们从最著名的海德公园开始。这个公园拥有伦敦一些最美的风景，占地630英亩，周长四英里。我知道我们这里有来自法国的朋友，所以我最好用公制单位。大约是260公顷和6.5公里。海德公园的历史可以追溯到1536年，当时亨利八世国王从威斯敏斯特教堂的僧侣手中得到了这片土地。后来的大部分设计，即它的布局，是由建筑师德西穆斯·伯顿在19世纪20年代完成的，他充分利用了该地区的高低地势。这里是水晶宫的原始所在地，水晶宫是为1851年的大博览会而建的，是今天世界博览会的原始前身，比如我想2010年在上海举办的那一届。所以它长期以来一直很受欢迎，不仅住在公园附近和在此工作的人喜欢它。许多著名的摇滚乐队，如平克·弗洛伊德和滚石乐队，都在这里举办过大型摇滚音乐会。我还记得滚石乐队在那里举办的音乐会，我忘了确切年份了。大概是1968年，那时我还是个大学生。 Speaker 3: 现在看第16至20题。随着演讲的继续，回答第16至20题。 Speaker 4: 我提到了建筑师德西穆斯·伯顿。他设计了非常令人印象深刻的公园大门。整个正面大约有107英尺长。看看支撑中央入口的四根宏伟柱子和墙上的雕刻。这是一张海军和军队游行队伍的近景照片，大门由铁和青铜制成，带有美丽的希腊风格花卉图案。公园最受欢迎的地点之一是演说角，位于东北角，在那里你可以听到英国人行使言论自由的权利。任何时候都可能有一打或更多的人，每个人站在肥皂箱上，发表——通常是争议性的——关于你能想到的任何话题的观点，宗教、政治、猎狐、工会、欧洲、游客等等。很多争论。非常有趣。在蛇形湖的南边是威尔士王妃戴安娜的纪念喷泉。它是一个椭圆形的石制喷泉，于2004年6月7日开放。公园东南角的另一个纪念建筑是阿尔伯特纪念亭，是维多利亚女王为纪念她的同名丈夫而建的。我看到时间不多了，所以我将简要介绍一下我们今天和明天要看的其他公园。摄政公园。它有极好的景观，被誉为皇冠上的明珠。摄政公园占地487英亩。那是197公顷，包括樱草山，拥有伦敦最大的户外运动区。橄榄球、篮球、足球、篮网球、板球——这里应有尽有。圣詹姆斯公园，因其与皇室、政治和文学的关联，位于伦敦的正中心。俯瞰它的不是一座，而是三座皇家宫殿。最古老的宫殿是威斯敏斯特宫，现在被称为议会大厦。然后是圣詹姆斯宫，它曾是国王或女王的住所，尽管君主自1837年以来一直住在第三座宫殿——白金汉宫。圣詹姆斯公园内或附近有太多可看的东西了。夏季周末，乐队每天在公园里举办两场音乐会。明天是星期六，所以我们运气不错。还有卫兵换岗仪式。女王陛下的近卫骑兵每天在附近的白厅换岗，周一至周六上午11点，周日提前一小时，而在白金汉宫，4月、5月和6月每天上午11:30换岗，7月和3月如果天气好的话则隔天换岗。最后，我们将参观格林威治公园，这是最古老的封闭式皇家公园。它坐落在一个山顶上，可以欣赏到泰晤士河对岸的码头区和伦敦市的壮丽景色。它包含几座历史建筑，包括旧皇家天文台、皇家海军学院、国家海事博物馆和皇后宫。好了，该出发了。步行十分钟，我们就到海德公园了。 Speaker 4: 第二部分结束。你现在有三十秒时间检查第二部分的答案。 第三部分 Speaker 5: 现在翻到第三部分。第三部分。你将听到两名商科学生谈论他们对商业某一领域所做的研究。首先，你有时间看一下第21至26题。现在仔细听并回答第21至26题。 Speaker 6: 好的。我们来看看下次辅导课的主题是什么。啊，知识产权。就是任何源于你自己想法或创造性活动的东西。就像你头脑的财产。 Speaker 5: 我们必须研究保护这些想法和发明的不同法律方式。 Speaker 6: 对。我们需要知道它们是什么，并且能够谈论它们。你想从版权开始吗？ Speaker 5: 是的。这是我之前已经了解一些的。这是你作为作者或发明者的权利，在你死后持续七十年。它是免费的，你甚至不需要申请。但它并不适用于所有情况，对吧？ Speaker 6: 好的。那其他类型的注册呢？我做了一些关于专利的研究。 Speaker 5: 对。专利意味着没有其他人能从你的发明中获利。 Speaker 6: 对。申请专利似乎非常昂贵。所以你确实需要知道你的发明值得经历所有这些繁琐的程序。 Speaker 5: 嗯，我认为没有专业帮助是做不了的。这是一个非常复杂的过程。 Speaker 6: 接下来我们看看商标。我们俩对这些都很熟悉。我的意思是，想想一些公司的标志有多出名。它们似乎真的能灌输对品牌的信任，因此它们为公司增加了数百万美元的价值。 Speaker 5: 根据我的发现，注册商标似乎也不贵。 Speaker 5: 好的。那下一个是什么？啊，外观设计。这有相当具体的含义，它关乎某物的外观，而不是它的工作原理。我读到，制造手机的大公司注册其手机设计是标准做法，这样它们就能保持独特性。 Speaker 6: 这很有趣。我之前不知道。那么外观设计与下一类保护有什么不同呢？ Speaker 5: 你是指电路布局？嗯，电路布局是一种保护类型，保护像计算机芯片这类东西的原始布局设计。所以它的含义相当狭窄，而且非常有限，因为它只能在这个国家执行。 Speaker 6: 是的。蓝图可能在其他国家被复制和再生产，而所有者没有法律保护。 Speaker 5: 所以我的看法是，这有什么意义呢？也许将来它会在其他地方得到认可。 Speaker 6: 我觉得下一类很有意思。当我想到商业秘密时，我立刻想到Granny Mae's饼干。他们故意没有为他们的特殊配方申请专利，这样其他制造商就不知道成分是什么。很难被发现。 Speaker 5: 是的。但保守商业秘密一定很困难，因为你必须确保所有员工都签署协议，并在离职后遵守。 Speaker 6: 没错。 Speaker 6: 好的。我们对讨论的不同类型的知识产权感到满意。 Speaker 5: 在听讨论的其余部分之前，你有时间看一下第27至30题。现在听并回答第27至30题。 Speaker 6: 接下来，我们必须写出一家公司管理其知识产权的流程。 Speaker 5: 是的。在我们研究的那家公司，这个过程中涉及很多人，从研究负责人到商业化委员会。 Speaker 6: 对。嗯，这一切都始于季度研究报告。这份报告由——让我看看我的笔记——项目负责人编写。他们必须写出报告，详细说明他们如何按时完成研究任务。 Speaker 5: 他们会在报告中加入关于知识产权变更的细节，对吧？比如他们现在意识到他们正在研究的东西可能最终是可以申请专利的，他们必须尽早识别这一点。 Speaker 6: 在这个阶段，他们会把报告发给外部专家吗？ Speaker 5: 不。他们把它发给商业化委员会，该委员会由项目负责人和一名行业代表组成。他们审查报告，关注知识产权的修订。 Speaker 6: 对。然后从那次审查会议开始，所有的修订都被汇总起来，由交付官员审查，他找出注册知识产权最有利的方式。 Speaker 5: 是的。这个阶段可能需要很长时间。项目负责人肯定会对这一切感到非常沮丧。如果我没理解错的话，然后他们让业务经理知道决定的结果，正是在这一点上，知识产权脱离了研究领域的控制，更多地与注册的财务或商业问题相关。 Speaker 6: 完全正确。所以，如果他们觉得他们的提案符合为知识产权分配的预算，并且可能的投资回报是值得的，那么他们就需要聘请该领域的专家。他们很可能会发现自己…… Speaker 5: 第三部分结束。你现在有半分钟时间检查你的答案。 第四部分 Speaker 0: 第四部分。你将听到一个讲座的一部分，内容是关于在英国和法国发展起来的一种早期摄影形式，称为卡罗式摄影法。首先，你有时间看一下第31至40题。 Speaker 7: 大家早上好。欢迎回到这个关于摄影发展的系列讲座。上周我们看了一种叫做达盖尔银版法的摄影类型，这是第一个商业上成功的摄影工艺。今天我们将看看它是如何逐渐被一种叫做卡罗式摄影法的技术所取代的。达盖尔银版法是一个重大突破，但它存在问题。特别是，因为图像是在铜板上制作的，每张照片的制作成本很高。因此，在19世纪40年代，一位名叫威廉·塔尔博特的人开始寻找替代方法。塔尔博特最终成为了一位有影响力的人物，但他总是说他不是专业摄影师。事实上，他接受的是艺术家的训练。他最大的兴趣是绘画，他只是在次要兴趣下才涉足摄影。塔尔博特花了多年时间试图解决与达盖尔银版法摄影相关的问题。他尝试了许多不同的方法，花了一些时间才找到成功的替代方案。但最终，他所做的是，不在铜板上制作每张照片，而是在纸上制作，这在当时是一个巨大的进步。塔尔博特的技术，他称之为卡罗式摄影法，还有其他优点。也许最重要的是，照片本身不像以前制作的那样清晰。清晰度一直是个问题，因为它会扭曲一切，但这种新的卡罗式工艺产生的图像与所有早期照片相比更加逼真。卡罗式摄影法是在英国发明的，但在法国摄影师中也很受欢迎。19世纪50年代是法国快速发展的时期，摄影被用来记录这些变化。摄影变得多么重要的一个例子发生在1851年，当时法国政府成立了一个促进摄影师利益的组织，这是以前从未发生过的事情。最初有五名成员，也许最重要的是一个叫古斯塔夫·勒格雷的人。勒格雷对卡罗式工艺越来越着迷。最重要的是，他想制作不同类型的图像，于是开始了一系列实验，看看如何实现这一点。他最大的成功是设计了第一台能够制作放大照片的相机，这是向前迈出的重要一步。勒格雷的另一项创新是他对拍摄照片所需设备尺寸的研究。最初设备非常沉重，难以移动，但勒格雷使其更轻更小。这意味着他可以更容易地在户外拍照，而不是局限于工作室，而在此之前有时情况正是如此。勒格雷在这一时期制作了大量照片，在同行摄影师中备受推崇。但他的作品也在公众中出名，因为他写了一系列非常受欢迎的书籍，描述了卡罗式工艺并展示了他的作品实例。简单的事实是，人们喜欢摄影。他们认为摄影是可靠的，尤其是与绘画相比，因为人手可能会改变或夸大事物。这产生了各种后果，其中之一是，在19世纪50年代，摄影现在经常被用来记录法国历史建筑的大规模翻新工程。人们说，相机不会说谎。因此，卡罗式工艺不仅受到摄影师的赞赏，而且越来越受到政府和主流社会的赞赏。然而，关于摄影是否真的可以像雕塑或绘画一样被称为一种艺术形式，仍然存在争议。当然，尽管公众喜欢它，但在评论家看来，摄影无法与其他已确立的艺术形式相提并论。那么，总而言之，关于这一时期的卡罗式摄影法，我们能说些什么呢？需要再次强调的是，19世纪50年代是英国和法国大发展的时期。两国的文化都推崇所有新的技术进步，而摄影代表了这些理念，因为大多数人认为它是一门科学。然而，摄影师并没有停止尝试新材料以提高作品质量。最重要的是，他们在寻找使图像更持久的方法，因为卡罗式照片往往会随着时间的推移而褪色。最终，他们发现如果图像是在玻璃上制作的，它会持续更长时间，因此卡罗式摄影法逐渐被其他具有更长持久性的技术所取代…… Speaker 0: 第四部分结束。你现在有一分钟时间检查第四部分的答案。