Listening 2026-05 Test 1

==================== IELTS Listening Transcript ==================== PART 1 Speaker 0: Part one. Speaker 0: You will hear a man who runs a volunteer agency interviewing a woman called Grace who is applying to do volunteer work. Speaker 0: First, you have some time to look at questions one to five. Speaker 0: Now listen carefully and answer questions one to five. Speaker 1: Hello, Grace. I'm William. Thanks for coming in for this interview. It's very important for us to meet our volunteers in person. I understand. Speaker 2: It's no problem at all. Speaker 1: Okay. Let's get started. What's the best phone number to contact you on? Speaker 2: My mobile phone's probably best. The number's 0216367189. But I can't always answer it during the day. I'll give you my email address as well. I check it frequently. Speaker 1: Okay. I'll make a note that email's a good way to contact you. What's the address? Speaker 2: It's graceb@travel.co.nz. I chose it when I was younger, and I just haven't changed it since. It's easy to remember. Speaker 1: Now do you have any particular qualifications, Grace? Speaker 2: I'm a housewife now, but I used to be in teaching. I trained for that and got my diploma, although I haven't done it for years. Before having children, I worked as a bank teller. Speaker 1: Alright. I need to find out when you'll be available during the week. You said you have children. Are they at school? Speaker 2: Yes. Both of them are. So I can't start work before 08:15 in the morning or work past 03:00 in the afternoon. Speaker 1: So you'd be looking for about four or five hours a day, say 09:15 AM to 2 PM? That gives you time to get to and from school to work. Speaker 2: That's perfect. It's important for me to be there for my children. Speaker 1: Of course. And are you looking to work Monday to Friday? Speaker 2: Yes. If it gets to be too much, I can rethink it later. Speaker 1: Now, Grace, you obviously have a lot of work experience, but have you done any volunteer work before? Speaker 2: During the Rugby World Cup, there were many visitors who didn't know their way around or what they should see and do in Auckland City. So I worked as a guide to help introduce the city to tourists. I really enjoyed it. Speaker 1: Okay. Good. Have you done anything else? Perhaps when you were at school or university? Did you do any volunteer work there? Speaker 2: When I was at university, the manager of a netball team asked me to be the coach, and I did that. Speaker 1: Great. It sounds like you like your sports. Speaker 2: I used to, but not so much nowadays. Speaker 1: Okay. Speaker 0: Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions six to 10. Speaker 0: Now listen and answer questions six to 10. Speaker 1: If not sports, do you have any other interests? Speaker 2: Oh, yes. I love to get out in my garden, and I grow most of my own vegetables. I love flowers and flower arranging, but I don't suppose there's much volunteer work associated with those kinds of things. Speaker 1: You'd be surprised. Any other hobbies? Speaker 2: Like most people, I guess, I like music. Actually, I can play the guitar, but I haven't done much for a while, so I'm a bit rusty. One day I'd like to have a go at the flute. Speaker 1: Okay. That gives me a good idea of the type of work you might be interested in. Ideally, it'd be something that combines your experience and your hobbies. If you're interested in something outdoors, I have a position helping out on a farm. That's just for a month. It's not too physically demanding, though it does require you to be on your feet all day. And it'd be nice as long as the weather is fine, but I imagine it could be uncomfortable in the rain or the heat. In the past we've had many positions working in community centres. They've been working with the disabled or teens. The position we have available now is with elderly men and women. They have activities like flower arranging, music lessons, sing alongs, things like that. Speaker 2: Both of those sound great. I'm really open to anything. Speaker 1: That's nice to know. Just a couple more questions. Why do you want to do volunteer work? Speaker 2: Well, now that both my children are in school, I'd like to make some friends as I've got the time on my hands. Also, I like the idea of helping others. Speaker 1: And last question. How did you find our agency? We aren't in the phone book. Did a friend tell you about us? Speaker 2: No. I was on my way to school the other day, and I saw your advertisement at the supermarket. Speaker 1: It's good to know someone sees those ads. Thank you again for coming. Speaker 0: That is the end of part one. You now have one minute to check your answers to part one. PART 2 Speaker 3: Part two. Speaker 4: You will hear a real estate agent giving information to a couple who want to buy a house. Speaker 4: First, you have some time to look at questions. Speaker 4: Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 13. Speaker 4: Hello, Mister and Missus Clark. I believe you are doing well. I am Tom, the sales manager of Houzzed Inc, and I got your mail requesting for a house that would suit your specifications. I have been able to do some work and have come up with two options that I think should fit what you are looking for. The first house is situated on Allen Street, and the owner told me that he bought the house largely because of where it is located. The house was decorated a few years ago, but I think it still looks new to a large extent. Anyways, you might dislike the old fashioned design of the house, which was modeled to the original owner's taste. Of course, you can arrange decorations of your own. I just have to inform you beforehand. I looked through your profile, and it said that you have a large family of six. I felt this house could be more appropriate for you with children than just young couples as it has eight rooms, including four bedrooms. According to your budget, although the house is a bit pricey, the price hasn't exceeded your limit yet. It is very reasonable, though, for a house on Allen Street. The owner had initially fixed every afternoon for potential buyers to visit. Then he shifted it to all weekends. But by yesterday, he informed me that he would be allowing only Wednesdays during lunchtime for visits, so it means we have to go either tomorrow or next week. Speaker 4: Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 14 to 20. Speaker 4: Now listen and answer questions 14 to 20. Speaker 4: Okay. On to the next house. I was able to get the layout of this building to help you understand it better. The house is situated on Pearl Street, just around the corner. It is a well planned and designed house. In the Southeast of the house, you can see the master room, whereas the dining room is in the northwestern corner. There is a bathroom in the southwestern corner of the house that is modern and well equipped. It provides adequate storage for the whole family. As for the bedroom, which is kept especially for visitors, it is in the direct south of the house, just between the bathroom and the master room. You will see the kitchen to your left when you just step in the house. Of course, I should give as much information as I can so as to help you in the decision making process. The second house has both advantages and disadvantages, and you should know well about them. First, the premises are quite lovely, and there is a small garden just behind the main building. Also, you do not have to manage space with other neighbors since there is a big parking lot, unlike the first house. As you can see, north of the house, you have a lot of banks, and to the east and west, there are a good number of companies and malls. It is very compact and easily accessible due to its central location. Again, in contrast to the first house, there are only two bedrooms, and this would have been good for a young couple with a small family size. However, for a family size like yours, I really am not sure. But if necessary, perhaps you could turn the storeroom into a bedroom, then there will be three bedrooms. The last problem is that it lacks a garage, which is a very important feature for residents here as every household has at least one car, and there are few public car parks in this area. This is all I have for now. Speaker 3: That is the end of part two. You now have half a minute to check your answers to part two. PART 3 Speaker 6: Section three. Speaker 6: First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 25. Speaker 0: Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 25. Speaker 7: Hi, Francis. Sam. So how did you go with applying the different theoretical business tools for the report I asked you to write? Speaker 5: It was interesting and made us really focus on which tool was best to use when analysing a business. Speaker 7: Good. Speaker 8: So tell me what you found out. Speaker 5: We liked the theory behind pest analysis. That's political, economic, social and technological, although we're not sure if it was very applicable to our case. Some of the other groups had studies for which it worked really well, and they said it was easy to use. But I felt it focused too much on the big picture and was unsuitable for our company. Speaker 8: I agree. On the other hand, I enjoyed using the drill down method. It was painstaking to do, and we seemed to be working on it for ages. But the results were worth waiting for. Speaker 5: Yes. I liked the way it eventually broke down complex problems. Speaker 8: Yes. I much prefer doing the PMI analysis. It was so straightforward to break down into its three components, plus, minus, and interesting implications. You just needed to brainstorm these components and then write them up, fast and effective. Speaker 5: And it didn't make your brain hurt doing it. Speaker 8: I agree. And you don't need any special training at all. Anyone can use it. Speaker 7: So was there any tool that you thought was superior to the others? Speaker 8: In my opinion, the one tool that is critical to business, especially for larger companies, is Pareto analysis. If they applied Pareto analysis, they would see that by focusing on the critical 20% of their problems, they could generate 80% of the benefits. This would allow them to work faster, and it also reduces their workload. It's all about finding out what their basic problems are. Speaker 5: I agree with Francis about Pareto, but my favourite was the SWOT analysis. You know, looking at the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, as it can be used in so many different situations. It works in large and small companies, and even down to departmental level. It was great for our case study. Speaker 8: Yes. That's true. Speaker 0: Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 26 to 30 on page six. Speaker 0: Now listen and answer questions 26 to 30. Speaker 7: Okay. I've read your draft report, but can you tell me a bit more about that company you focused on? Speaker 8: Well, the company we used in our study was a manufacturing company who have relied on distributors to take their product to the end user. We did some analysis examining the possibility of them distributing their own products. We initially looked at their strengths. Speaker 5: The company, although it is small, is well known and has a very good reputation. The management are very committed to increasing the company profits, and they are confident this move would be successful. Speaker 8: Right. And the company has quite a lot of staff who have previously worked for distribution companies, so the knowledge is already there. That was something we didn't expect to find and is probably going to help them the most to achieve their goals. Speaker 7: I was quite impressed by some of the opportunities you detailed. I did think you missed something quite pertinent to their future growth, however. Speaker 5: What was that? Speaker 7: You didn't consider the potential for establishing an offshore division. You talked about the company negotiating better terms with its suppliers. Most of these are based abroad. And so if the company had a way of actually distributing the product there, this could be a tremendous opportunity and give them an edge over their competitors. Speaker 8: That's a good point. So what did you think about the threats we identified? Speaker 7: I thought you did a good job. I was really pleased to see that you considered how the government's planned environmental policy could really affect the viability of this venture. With this law being introduced next year, they might need to find new ways of using their existing technology. It's easy to identify what your competitors are doing, but it's the bigger picture that often gets ignored. Speaker 7: So, Sam, what did you learn from this assignment? Speaker 5: Heaps. I guess I hadn't realized how much time it takes to ensure your company survives and profits. It was great to study the different tools in books, but applying them in the real world was much harder than I thought. It was a great learning experience. Speaker 7: I'm glad I could make your assignment relevant. I'm basically happy with your report. You've got the format correct, with the necessary headings, etcetera. And you've got sufficient details under the different headings. Just remember to state whether or not you think the company should go ahead with a new venture. But you've done a good job so far. Speaker 6: That is the end of section three. You now have half a minute to check your answers. Now turn to section four. PART 4 Speaker 9: Section four. Speaker 9: You will hear part of a lecture about time measurement. Speaker 9: First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40. Speaker 9: Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40. Speaker 9: Good morning, everyone. Today I'm going to talk about the research project I've been involved in on time measurement. Do you know how time is measured? Consider how we measure length and how, with time, we encounter a difficulty. Before we could grasp it, it would slip through our fingers. In fact, as we can see, we are forced to have the resource to measure something else: the movement of something in space or a set of movements in space. All the methods that have been employed so far really measure time by a motion in space. The measurement of time is no easy matter, a scientific unit only arrived at after much thought and reflection. Speaker 9: As the most primitive form of measurement, the sun seems to be natural. Ever since man first noticed the regular movements of the sun and stars, we have wondered about the passage of time. Prehistoric people first recorded time according to the sun's position. To start off, let us take noon, which is when the sun is on the meridian at the highest point of its course across the heavens, and when it casts the shortest shadow. But this measurement, which was regarded as a major one in ancient times, was less important than the natural events that occurred. The earliest natural events that had been recognized were in the heavens, but during the course of the year there were many other events that indicated significant changes in the environment. Seasonal winds and rains, the flooding of rivers, the flowering of trees and plants, and the breeding cycles or migration of animals all led to natural divisions of the year, and the further observation and local customs led to the recognition of the season. Speaker 9: Years later, precise measurements were invented because the passage of time was extremely important for astronomers and priests who were responsible for determining the exact hour for daily rituals and for important religious festivals. Apart from the connection with religion, accurate time measurement was also related to the government, since they divided the day or the night into different periods in order to regulate work and various events. Speaker 9: For thousands of years, devices had been used to measure and keep track of time. The current sexagesimal system of time measurement dates back to approximately 2,000 BCE from the Sumerians. It was found that the earliest ancient timekeepers were mainly invented and used in Mesopotamia, where the water clock was introduced from, as well as in North Africa, especially in the area of ancient Egypt. Speaker 9: So now I'd like to introduce you to some of the most well known ancient timekeepers as well as disadvantages of them for which they were replaced by various new forms of clocks that were used afterwards. A sundial is a device that tells the time of day by the apparent positioning of the sun in the sky. In the narrowest sense of the word, it consists of a flat plate and a nomen, which casts a shadow onto the dial. As the sun appears to move across the sky, the shadow aligns with different hour lines, which are marked on the dial to indicate the time of day. However, it was quickly noted that the length of the day varied at different times of the year. Therefore, there could have been a difference between clock time and sundial time. In addition, the sundial was of no use at night, so a water clock was invented. Speaker 9: The water clock, or klepsydra, appeared to have been invented around 1500 BCE and was a device which relied on the steady flow of water from or into a container. Measurements could be marked on the container or on a receptacle for the water. It was reliable, but the water flow still depended on the variation of pressure and temperature from the top of water in the container. Speaker 9: As the technology of glassblowing developed, from sometime in the fourteenth century, it became possible to make sand glasses. Originally, they were used as a measurement for periods of time like lamps or candles. But as clocks became more accurate, they were calibrated to measure specific periods of time. The drawback, however, as you can imagine, was the limited length of time they could measure. Speaker 9: The last timekeeper to be introduced is the fire candle clock. Candle clocks took advantage of a simple concept: the slow and consistent nature of a burning wax candle. By utilizing this process, our ancestors were able to keep steady track of the time. The clocks were created by engraving the length of the candle with evenly spaced markings. Each marking represented a single unit of time, and as the wax burned down, each hour would disappear. However, the drafts and the variable quality of the wax mainly influenced the time of burning. Like oil lamps, candles were used to mark the passage of time from one event to another rather than tell the time of day. Speaker 9: That is the end of section four. You now have half a minute to check your answers. ==================== Chinese Translation ==================== 第一部分 Speaker 0：第一部分。你将听到一位经营志愿者机构的人采访一位名叫格蕾丝的女士，她正在申请做志愿者工作。首先，你有时间看一下第一到第五题。现在仔细听，并回答第一到第五题。 Speaker 1：你好，格蕾丝。我是威廉。感谢你来参加这次面试。对我们来说，亲自与志愿者见面非常重要。我理解。 Speaker 2：完全没问题。 Speaker 1：好的。我们开始吧。联系你的最佳电话号码是什么？ Speaker 2：我的手机可能最好。号码是0216367189。但我白天不一定能接电话。我也会给你我的电子邮件地址。我经常查看。 Speaker 1：好的。我会记下电子邮件是联系你的好方式。地址是什么？ Speaker 2：是graceb@travel.co.nz。我年轻的时候选的，后来就没改过。很容易记住。 Speaker 1：你有什么特别的资历吗，格蕾丝？ Speaker 2：我现在是家庭主妇，但以前做过老师。我受过培训，拿到了文凭，虽然已经很多年没做了。生孩子之前，我做过银行出纳员。 Speaker 1：好的。我需要了解你一周内什么时候有空。你说你有孩子。他们上学了吗？ Speaker 2：是的。两个孩子都上学了。所以我不能在早上08:15之前开始工作，也不能在下午03:00之后工作。 Speaker 1：所以你大概每天工作四到五个小时，比如上午09:15到下午2点？这样你就有时间往返学校和上班。 Speaker 2：太完美了。对我来说，陪伴孩子很重要。 Speaker 1：当然。你打算周一到周五工作吗？ Speaker 2：是的。如果太忙了，我以后可以重新考虑。 Speaker 1：格蕾丝，你显然有很多工作经验，但你以前做过志愿者工作吗？ Speaker 2：在橄榄球世界杯期间，有很多游客不熟悉路，也不知道在奥克兰市应该看什么、做什么。所以我做了一名导游，帮助向游客介绍这座城市。我真的很喜欢。 Speaker 1：好的。很好。你还做过其他事情吗？也许是在你上学或上大学的时候？你在那里做过志愿者工作吗？ Speaker 2：上大学的时候，一支篮网球队的经理请我当教练，我就做了。 Speaker 1：太好了。听起来你喜欢运动。 Speaker 2：以前喜欢，但现在不那么喜欢了。 Speaker 1：好的。 Speaker 0：在听对话的其余部分之前，你有时间看一下第六到第十题。现在听并回答第六到第十题。 Speaker 1：如果不做运动，你还有其他爱好吗？ Speaker 2：哦，有。我喜欢去我的花园里，我自己种大部分蔬菜。我喜欢花和插花，但我想这些方面可能没有太多志愿者工作。 Speaker 1：你会惊讶的。还有其他爱好吗？ Speaker 2：和大多数人一样，我想，我喜欢音乐。实际上，我会弹吉他，但有一段时间没怎么弹了，所以有点生疏。有一天我想试试吹长笛。 Speaker 1：好的。这让我对你可能感兴趣的工作类型有了很好的了解。理想情况下，应该是结合你的经验和爱好的工作。如果你对户外活动感兴趣，我有一个在农场帮忙的职位。只做一个月。体力要求不高，但需要你整天站着。只要天气好，就会很愉快，但我想下雨或天热的时候可能会不舒服。过去我们有很多在社区中心工作的职位。他们与残疾人或青少年一起工作。我们现在有空缺的职位是与老年男女一起工作。他们有插花、音乐课、合唱等活动。 Speaker 2：这两个听起来都不错。我真的什么都愿意做。 Speaker 1：很高兴知道这一点。还有几个问题。你为什么想做志愿者工作？ Speaker 2：嗯，既然我的两个孩子都上学了，我想交一些朋友，因为我有时间。而且，我喜欢帮助别人的想法。 Speaker 1：最后一个问题。你是怎么找到我们机构的？我们不在电话簿里。是朋友告诉你的吗？ Speaker 2：不是。前几天我去学校的路上，在超市看到了你们的广告。 Speaker 1：很高兴知道有人看到了那些广告。再次感谢你来。 Speaker 0：第一部分结束。你现在有一分钟时间检查第一部分的答案。 第二部分 Speaker 3：第二部分。 Speaker 4：你将听到一位房地产经纪人向一对想买房的夫妇提供信息。首先，你有时间看一下题目。现在仔细听，并回答第11到13题。 Speaker 4：你好，克拉克先生和夫人。我相信你们过得很好。我是汤姆，Houzzed公司的销售经理，我收到了你们要求寻找符合你们规格的房子的邮件。我做了一些工作，想出了两个我认为应该符合你们要求的选项。第一栋房子位于艾伦街，房主告诉我，他买这栋房子很大程度上是因为它的位置。房子几年前装修过，但我认为它在很大程度上看起来还是新的。无论如何，你们可能不喜欢房子的老式设计，这是按照原房主的品味设计的。当然，你们可以自己安排装饰。我只是需要提前告知你们。我查看了你们的资料，上面说你们有一个六口之家。我觉得这栋房子对有孩子的家庭比年轻夫妇更合适，因为它有八个房间，包括四间卧室。根据你们的预算，虽然这栋房子有点贵，但价格还没有超出你们的限额。不过，对于艾伦街上的一栋房子来说，价格非常合理。房主最初把每个下午都定为潜在买家的看房时间。然后他改成了整个周末。但到昨天，他通知我，他只允许周三午餐时间看房，所以这意味着我们必须在明天或下周去。 Speaker 4：在听谈话的其余部分之前，你有时间看一下第14到20题。现在听并回答第14到20题。 Speaker 4：好的。接下来是下一栋房子。我拿到了这栋建筑的布局图，以帮助你们更好地理解。房子位于珍珠街，就在拐角处。这是一栋规划良好、设计精良的房子。在房子的东南部，你们可以看到主卧室，而餐厅在西北角。房子的西南角有一间现代化且设备齐全的浴室。它为整个家庭提供了充足的储物空间。至于专门为客人保留的卧室，它在房子的正南方向，就在浴室和主卧室之间。你们一进门就会看到厨房在左边。当然，我应该尽可能多地提供信息，以帮助你们做决定。第二栋房子既有优点也有缺点，你们应该充分了解。首先，房屋本身非常可爱，主楼后面有一个小花园。而且，与第一栋房子不同，你们不需要与邻居共用空间，因为有一个大停车场。正如你们所见，房子北边有很多银行，东边和西边有很多公司和商场。由于地处中心位置，它非常紧凑且交通便利。再次，与第一栋房子相比，这里只有两间卧室，这对一个家庭规模较小的年轻夫妇来说会很好。然而，对于像你们这样的家庭规模，我真的不确定。但如果有必要，也许你们可以把储藏室改成卧室，这样就有三间卧室了。最后一个问题是它缺少车库，这对这里的居民来说是一个非常重要的特征，因为每个家庭至少有一辆车，而且这个地区很少有公共停车场。这就是我目前掌握的所有信息。 Speaker 3：第二部分结束。你现在有半分钟时间检查第二部分的答案。 第三部分 Speaker 6：第三部分。首先，你有时间看一下第21到25题。 Speaker 0：现在仔细听，并回答第21到25题。 Speaker 7：嗨，弗朗西斯。山姆。你们在为我要求写的报告应用不同的理论商业工具方面进展如何？ Speaker 5：这很有趣，让我们真正专注于在分析企业时哪种工具最好用。 Speaker 7：好的。 Speaker 8：那么告诉我你们发现了什么。 Speaker 5：我们喜欢PEST分析背后的理论。也就是政治、经济、社会和技术，虽然我们不确定它是否非常适用于我们的案例。其他一些小组的研究中它效果很好，他们说它很容易使用。但我感觉它过于关注宏观层面，不适合我们公司。 Speaker 8：我同意。另一方面，我喜欢使用“钻取”方法。做起来很费力，我们似乎花了很长时间。但结果值得等待。 Speaker 5：是的。我喜欢它最终分解复杂问题的方式。 Speaker 8：是的。我更喜欢做PMI分析。将其分解为三个组成部分——优点、缺点和有趣的影响——非常直接。你只需要对这些组成部分进行头脑风暴，然后写下来，快速有效。 Speaker 5：而且做起来不会让你头疼。 Speaker 8：我同意。而且你根本不需要任何特殊培训。任何人都可以使用它。 Speaker 7：那么你们认为有没有哪种工具比其他工具更优越？ Speaker 8：在我看来，对企业，尤其是大公司至关重要的一个工具是帕累托分析。如果他们应用帕累托分析，他们会发现，通过关注关键的20%的问题，他们可以产生80%的收益。这能让他们工作得更快，也减少了他们的工作量。关键在于找出他们的基本问题是什么。 Speaker 5：我同意弗朗西斯关于帕累托的观点，但我最喜欢的是SWOT分析。你知道，分析公司的优势、劣势、机会和威胁，因为它可以在很多不同的情况下使用。它适用于大公司和小公司，甚至下到部门层面。这对我们的案例研究很有帮助。 Speaker 8：是的。没错。 Speaker 0：在听讨论的其余部分之前，你有时间看一下第六页的第26到30题。现在听并回答第26到30题。 Speaker 7：好的。我读了你们的报告草稿，但你们能多告诉我一些你们关注的那家公司的情况吗？ Speaker 8：嗯，我们研究中使用的公司是一家制造公司，他们一直依赖分销商将产品送到最终用户手中。我们做了一些分析，研究他们自己分销产品的可能性。我们首先看了他们的优势。 Speaker 5：这家公司虽然规模小，但知名度高，声誉很好。管理层非常致力于增加公司利润，他们相信这一举措会成功。 Speaker 8：对。而且公司有很多员工以前在分销公司工作过，所以知识已经存在了。这是我们没想到的，可能最能帮助他们实现目标。 Speaker 7：我对你们详细阐述的一些机会印象深刻。不过，我确实认为你们遗漏了一些对他们未来增长非常关键的东西。 Speaker 5：是什么？ Speaker 7：你们没有考虑建立海外部门的潜力。你们谈到了公司与供应商谈判更好的条款。这些供应商大多在国外。所以如果公司有办法在那里实际分销产品，这可能是一个巨大的机会，并让他们比竞争对手更有优势。 Speaker 8：说得好。那么你觉得我们识别的威胁怎么样？ Speaker 7：我认为你们做得很好。我很高兴看到你们考虑了政府计划的环境政策会如何影响这个项目的可行性。随着这项法律明年出台，他们可能需要寻找使用现有技术的新方法。识别竞争对手在做什么很容易，但往往被忽视的是更大的图景。 Speaker 7：那么，山姆，你从这次作业中学到了什么？ Speaker 5：很多。我想我以前没有意识到确保公司生存和盈利需要花费多少时间。在书本上学习不同的工具很好，但在现实世界中应用它们比我想象的要难得多。这是一次很棒的学习经历。 Speaker 7：很高兴我能让你们的作业有实际意义。我对你们的报告基本满意。你们的格式正确，有必要的标题等等。而且你们在不同的标题下有足够的细节。只是要记得说明你们是否认为公司应该继续新的项目。但到目前为止你们做得很好。 Speaker 6：第三部分结束。你现在有半分钟时间检查答案。现在翻到第四部分。 第四部分 Speaker 9：第四部分。你将听到关于时间测量的讲座的一部分。首先，你有时间看一下第31到40题。现在仔细听，并回答第31到40题。 Speaker 9：大家早上好。今天我要谈谈我参与的一个关于时间测量的研究项目。你们知道时间是如何测量的吗？想想我们如何测量长度，而时间，我们遇到了一个困难。在我们抓住它之前，它就会从指缝中溜走。事实上，正如我们所见，我们被迫借助测量别的东西：空间中某物的运动或一组空间运动。迄今为止使用的所有方法实际上都是通过空间中的运动来测量时间。测量时间并非易事，它是一个经过深思熟虑才得出的科学单位。 Speaker 9：作为最原始的测量形式，太阳似乎是自然的。自从人类第一次注意到太阳和星星的规律运动以来，我们就一直对时间的流逝感到好奇。史前人类首先根据太阳的位置记录时间。首先，让我们以正午为例，此时太阳位于子午线上，处于其横跨天空的最高点，并且投下最短的影子。但这种在古代被视为重要测量的方式，其重要性不如发生的自然事件。最早被识别的自然事件是在天空中，但在一年中，还有许多其他事件表明环境的显著变化。季节性风和雨、河流泛滥、树木和植物的开花、动物的繁殖周期或迁徙，都导致了年份的自然划分，进一步的观察和当地习俗导致了季节的识别。 Speaker 9：多年以后，精确的测量被发明出来，因为时间的流逝对天文学家和祭司来说极其重要，他们负责确定日常仪式和重要宗教节日的确切时间。除了与宗教的联系，精确的时间测量也与政府有关，因为他们将白天或夜晚分成不同的时段，以规范工作和各种活动。 Speaker 9：几千年来，人们一直使用设备来测量和记录时间。当前的六十进制时间测量系统可以追溯到大约公元前2000年的苏美尔人。人们发现，最早的古计时器主要是在美索不达米亚发明和使用的，水钟就是从那里引入的，也在北非，特别是古埃及地区使用。 Speaker 9：所以现在我想向你们介绍一些最著名的古计时器，以及它们的缺点，这些缺点导致它们被后来使用的各种新型时钟所取代。日晷是一种通过太阳在天空中的视位置来指示一天中时间的装置。从最狭义上讲，它由一个平板和一个晷针组成，晷针在表盘上投下阴影。当太阳看起来在天空中移动时，阴影与不同的时辰线对齐，这些时辰线标记在表盘上以指示一天中的时间。然而，人们很快注意到，一年中不同时间白天的长度是不同的。因此，时钟时间和日晷时间之间可能存在差异。此外，日晷在晚上无法使用，所以水钟被发明了出来。 Speaker 9：水钟，或称漏壶，似乎是在公元前1500年左右发明的，它是一种依靠水稳定流入或流出容器的装置。测量标记可以刻在容器或盛水器上。它很可靠，但水流仍然取决于容器内水顶部压力和温度的变化。 Speaker 9：随着玻璃吹制技术的发展，从十四世纪的某个时候开始，制造沙漏成为可能。最初，它们被用作像灯或蜡烛一样的时间段测量工具。但随着时钟变得更加精确，它们被校准来测量特定的时间段。然而，正如你们可以想象的，缺点是它们能测量的时间长度有限。 Speaker 9：要介绍的最后一个计时器是火烛钟。蜡烛钟利用了一个简单的概念：燃烧的蜡烛缓慢而稳定的特性。通过利用这个过程，我们的祖先能够稳定地记录时间。这种钟是通过在蜡烛长度上雕刻均匀间隔的标记来制作的。每个标记代表一个时间单位，随着蜡燃烧，每个小时就会消失。然而，气流和蜡的质量变化主要影响了燃烧时间。像油灯一样，蜡烛被用来标记从一个事件到另一个事件的时间流逝，而不是指示一天中的具体时间。 Speaker 9：第四部分结束。你现在有半分钟时间检查答案。